Exam (elaborations)
PHM450 Week #1 - Intro to Tox Part 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
- Course
- PHM 450
- Institution
- Florida State University
PHM450 Week #1 - Intro to Tox Part 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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PHM450 Week #1 - Intro to Tox Part 1 Questions WithComplete Solutions
absorbed dose Correct Answers the actual amount of the
exposed or administered dose that is absorbed by the body
-if the toxic agent doesn't reach the site of action...it's not toxic
to that organism. ex: fish is exposed to a chemical but has no
way of getting inside the body to cause damage, it's not
considered toxic to that organism but if injected it would cause
damage
additivity Correct Answers when the combined effect of two
chemicals is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent given
alone
-most common type
-ex: two central nervous system (CNS) depressants taken at the
same time, a tranquilizer and alcohol, often cause depression
equal to the sum of that caused by each drug
administered dose Correct Answers the quantity administered
(usually orally or through injection)
-what a physician gives to a patient
antagonism Correct Answers when two chemicals administered
together interfere with each other's actions or one interferes with
the action of the other; the exposure to one chemical results in a
reduction in the effect of the other chemical
-desirable effect in toxicology - basis of most antidotes, not so
much in pharmacology
,art of toxicology Correct Answers utilization of toxicological
data to predict outcomes of exposure (safety & risk assessment)
chemical antagonism Correct Answers a chemical reaction
between two compounds that produces a less toxic product
ex: arsenic toxicity can be reduced by chelating the arsenic ions
with dimercaprol
clinical toxicology Correct Answers -a medical science that is
concerned with disease or illness caused by exposure to toxic
substances
-clinical toxicologists are typically physicians that have
undergone specialized training in areas including emergency
medicine and poison management
describe/compare the different types of descriptive animal
toxicity tests Correct Answers The first toxicity test performed
on a new chemical is acute toxicity. The LD50 and other acute
toxic effects are determined after one or more routes of
administration (one route being oral or the intended route of
exposure) in one or more species. Daily examination of the
animals and tabulation of the number of animals that die in a 14-
day period after a single dosage occurs. Acute toxicity tests (1)
give a quantitative estimate of acute toxicity (LD50), (2) identify
target organs and other clinical manifestations of acute toxicity,
(3) identify species differences and susceptible species, (4)
establish the reversibility of the toxic response, and (5) provide
dose-ranging guidance for other studies. Acute inhalation studies
are performed that are similar to other acute toxicity studies
except that the route of exposure is inhalation for 4 h. Acute
lethality studies are essential for characterizing the toxic effects
, of chemicals and their hazard to humans. The most meaningful
scientific information derived from acute lethality tests comes
from clinical observations and postmortem examination of
animals rather than from the specific LD50 value
"For the dermal irritation test (Draize test), the skin of rabbits is
shaved, the chemical applied to one intact and two abraded sites
and covered for 4 h. The degree of skin irritation is scored for
erythema (redness), eschar (scab), edema (swelling) formation,
and corrosive action. These dermal irritation observations are
repeated at various intervals after the covered patch has been
removed. To determine the degree of ocular irritation, the
chemical is instilled into one eye of each test rabbit. The
contralateral eye is used as the control. The eyes of the rabbits
are then examined at various times after application."
"Information about the potential of a chemical to sensiti
descriptive toxicologists Correct Answers primarily involved in
toxicity testing
-ex: take a toxic agent and expose it to an animal, do we have a
toxic effect and what does it look like?
dispositional antagonism Correct Answers when the disposition
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion) of a
chemical is altered so that the concentration and/or duration of
the chemical at the target organ is diminished
ex: altering the pH of urine will increase excretion of a variety
of compounds
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