100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
PHM 450 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Graded A+. $12.49   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. PHM 450
  4.  
  5. PHM 450

Exam (elaborations)

PHM 450 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Graded A+.
 6 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • PHM 450
  • Institution
  • PHM 450

PHM 450 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Graded A+. Describe .the .nervous .system. .What .types .of .cells .are .present, .and .what .is .the .function .of .each .cell .type? .- .correct .answer. . . . .consists .of .the .CNS .(brain .and .spinal .cord) .and .PNS .(somatic .and .aut...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 24  pages

Document information

  • August 23, 2024
  • 24
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • phm 450 exam 2 questions and answers graded a
  • describe the nervous system what types of cells a
  • type of glia cell that produces myelin in the cent

Written for

  • PHM 450
  • PHM 450

Seller

avatar-seller
techgrades

Reviews received

Content preview

PHM 450 Exam 2 Questions And Answers
Graded A+.




Describe .the .nervous .system. .What .types .of .cells .are .present, .and .what .is .the .function .of
.each .cell .type? .- .correct .answer. . . . .consists .of .the .CNS .(brain .and .spinal .cord) .and .PNS

.(somatic .and .autonomic .nervous .systems); .consists .of .neural .cells .and .glia .cells




what .are .the .types .of .glial .cells .- .correct .answer. . . . .oligodendrocytes, .schwann .cells,
.astrocytes




type .of .glia .cell .that .produces .myelin .in .the .central .nervous .system .- .correct .answer. . . .
.oligodendrocytes




type .of .glial .cell .that .produces .myelin .in .the .peripheral .nervous .system .- .correct .answer. . . .
.schwann .cells




how .are .glial .cells .different .from .neural .cells? .- .correct .answer. . . . .glial .cells .do .not .transmit
.electrical .signals




what .are .some .characteristics .of .neural .cells .- .correct .answer. . . . .polarized, .non-uniform .in
.appearance, .have .cell .body .(soma) .and .several .short .extensions .called .dendrites, .single

.long .extension .(axon)




how .is .myelin .formed .in .the .CNS? .what .about .the .PNS? .- .correct .answer. . . . .CNS-
.oligodendrocytes; .PNS- .Schwann .Cells




How .are .electrical .signals .translated .into .chemical .signals? .- .correct .answer. . . . .occurs .at
.the .SYNAPSE; .at .the .terminal, .depolarizing .signals .release .neurotransmitters .from .the

.axon .to .the .synapse- .it .crosses .the .synapse .and .bind .to .post-synaptic .receptors .on .the

.dendrite .or .other .cell .that .depolarizes .the .cell .membrane, .converting .chemical .to

.electrical; .this .is .driven .by .ACTION .POTENTIALS- .the .specific .channels .that .allow .+

.Sodium .ions .into .the .cell .(movement .depolarizes .the .cell .membrane .by .increasing

.membrane .potential .making .it .more .positive)

,where .do .action .potentials .take .place? .- .correct .answer. . . . .nodes .of .ranvier .(any .area
.covered .by .myelin .is .not .in .contact .with .extracellular .fluid .which .is .a .necessary

.component .for .action .potentials .to .take .place)




what .are .the .4 .major .types .of .neurotransmitters? .- .correct .answer. . . . .acetylcholine,
.biogenic .amines, .amino .acids, .neuropeptides




is .aceteylcholine .excitatory .or .inhibitory? .- .correct .answer. . . . .excitatory .in .skeletal .muscle;
.excitatory .or .inhibitory .elsewhere




examples .of .biogenic .amines .- .correct .answer. . . . .Norepinephrine .(excitatory .or .inhibitory),
.Dopamine .(excitatory .or .inhibitory), .serotonin .(generally .inhibitory)




examples .of .amino .acids .- .correct .answer. . . . .GABA .(inhibitory), .Glycine .(inhibitory),
.glutamate .(excitatory), .aspartate .(excitatory)




examples .of .neuropeptides .- .correct .answer. . . . .substance .p .(excitatory), .met-enkephalin
.(inhibitory)




why .is .the .brain .a .critical .target .for .toxicants? .- .correct .answer. . . . .important .for
.maintaining .physiological .operations .of .the .body; .is .very .active .metabolically, .making .it

.highly .sensitive .to .toxicants .that .interfere .with .energy .metabolism




Describe .the .BBB's .structure .and .function .- .correct .answer. . . . .endothelial .cells
.surrounded .by .astrocytes .(provide .and .add .a .layer .of .protection .against .foreign

.molecules) .which .encapsulate .capillaries .in .the .brain .by .forming .tight .junctions .between

.cells, .preventing .diffusion .of .bloodborne .molecules .into .the .nervous .system- .BUT .cannot

.prevent .passive .diffusion




what .happens .if .the .BBB .is .compromised? .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxins .that .are .small, .highly
.lipid .soluble, .non .polar .(like .glucose .and .amino .acids) .can .take .advantage .of .these

.systems .of .passive .diffusion .and .be .moved .across .the .BBB .in .active .manner- .if .toxin .gets

.into .BBB .it .may .not .be .able .to .leave, .so .it .exerts .its .toxic .effects .there




What .types .of .molecules .can .easily .pass .through .the .BBB? .- .correct .answer. . . . .small,
.highly .lipid .soluble, .non-polar .molecules




in .terms .of .the .BBB, .what .does .the .toxin .pralidoxime .do? .- .correct .answer. . . . .is .an
.antidote .for .organophosphate .poisoning- .cannot .cross .the .BBB .and .therefore .is .effective

.in .the .peripheral .but .not .central .nervous .system




in .terms .of .the .BBB, .what .does .MPTP .do? .- .correct .answer. . . . .a .compound .that .is
.metabolized .in .the .brain .to .an .ionized .form




What .are .points .in .the .energy .requirements .diagram .where .interrupting .normal
.biochemical .pathways .might .result .in .disrupting .the .production .of .ATP? .- .correct .answer. .

, Especially .for .oxidative .phosphorylation .(aerobic) .exposure .to .any .toxicants .harmful .to
...

.aerobic .metabolism .or .to .conditions .that .induce .hypoxia .will .hit .the .nervous .system .hard

.and .fast--- .THIS .IS .IMPORTANT .BECAUSE .NEURONS .ARE .HIGHLY .DEPENDENT

.ON .AEROBIC .METABOLISM .(to .meet .high .energy .demands)




Describe .Axonal .Transport .(what .is .moved, .where .it .goes, .and .why) .- .correct .answer. . . .
.protein .making .machinery .located .in .the .SOMA .of .which .can .be .several .feet .away .from

.the .next .axon- .so .there .are .transport .mechanisms .for .moving .materials .from .the .soma .to

.terminals .(use .neuronal ."super .highway")




Why .is .disruption .of .aerobic .metabolism .particularly .serious .in .the .brain? .- .correct
.answer. . . . .neurons .are .highly .dependent .on .aerobic .metabolism .to .meet .high .energy

.demands- .neuronal .activity .depends .on .the .ability .to .maintain .and .regulate .ion .gradients

.across .neuronal .membrane .or .to .create .action .potentials




involves .damage .to .the .neuronal .cell .body, .with .axonal .and .dendritic .degeneration .as .a
.secondary .effect, .neurons .die .by .apoptosis .or .necrosis, .and .common .examples .are

.caused .by .toxins .like .doxorubicin .and .methylmercury .- .correct .answer. . . . .neuronopathies




where .antimycin .(anti-cancer .drug) .interacts .with .DNA .to .inhibit .macromolecular
.synthesis; .used .therapeutically .to .stop .further .division .of .cancerous .cells, .side .effect=

.can .interact .with .neurons .in .the .PNS .due .to .lack .of .BBB .and .can .interfere .with .DNA

.transcription .here .- .correct .answer. . . . .doxorubicin




damage .to .the .soma .- .correct .answer. . . . .neuronopathy

damage .to .the .axon .- .correct .answer. . . . .axonopathy

damage .to .the .myelin .- .correct .answer. . . . .myelinopathy

disruption .of .neurotransmitter .processes .from .1 .neuron .to .the .target .cell .- .correct .answer.
. . . .neurotransmission-associated .neurotoxicity




astrocyte .dysfunction .plays .a .role .in .________ .- .correct .answer. . . . .excitotoxicity

how .do .cells .die .when .there .is .a .neuronopathy? .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxicants .produce
.their .effects .by .inducing .cell .death .(die .by .apoptosis .or .necrosis)




How .does .methylmercury .(MeHg) .cause .neuronopathy? .- .correct .answer. . . . .ORGANIC
.form .of .mercury .that .bioaccumulates .in .the .environment, .naturally .formed .and .previously

.used .as .fungicide; .adding .a .methyl .group .makes .it .highly .lipophilic .(easily .crosses .BBB

.and .placental .barrier .making .it .highly .neurotoxic .in .adults .and .developing .fetus) .

- .binds .to .sulfur .groups .and .irreversibly .alters .protein .function .(impairs .mitochondria,
.depletes .glutathione, .disrupts .intracellular .calcium .homeostasis)

- .in .CNS, .targets .visual .cortex .and .cerebellum .(visual .disturbance, .atoxia)
- .apoptosis .usually .triggered .by .loss .of .calcium .regulation

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller techgrades. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$12.49
  • (0)
  Add to cart