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Praxis 5435 Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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Praxis 5435 Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100%Verified
Active Transport - mechanisms include exocytosis and endocytosis. Involves transferring substances
from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentrations through the use of energy in the
form of ATP.
Endocytosis - the ingestion of large particles into a cell, can be categorized as phagocytosis (ingestion of
a particle), pinocytosis (ingestion of a liquid), or receptor mediated.
exocytosis - a vacuole containing the substance to be expelled attaches to the cell membrane and expels
the substance
passive transport mechanism - include simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis and do not require
energy from the cell.
Diffusion - when particles are transported from areas of higher concentrations to areas of lower
concentrations. when equilibrium is reached, diffusion stops.
facilitated diffusion - when specific molecules are transported by a specific carrrier. carrier proteins vary
in terms of size, shape, and charge.
mitosis - when cells replicate, the daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell
meiosis - when cells divide, the daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cells. This
can only happen in specialized reproductive cells called gametes.
Water molecules are important for: - It is a strong solvent for ionic compounds such as salt.
It acts as a transport medium for polar solutes.
Metabolic reactions happen in solutions that contain water.
It can act as a temperature buffer for enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
It is used in photosynthesis.
,It is used or formed in oxidation and reduction reactions.
cell division - is performed in organisms so they can grow and replace cells that are old, worn out, or
damaged.
chromatids - during cell division, the DNA is replication, and these are the two identical replicated pieces
of chromosome that are joined at the centromere to form an "x"
Gametes - these are cells used by organisms to reproduce sexually. In humans, they are haploid,
meaning they contain only half of the organism's genetic information (23 chromosomes).
haploid - means there is one set of chromosomes
diploid - there are two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent).
Homeostasis - describes the ability and tendency of an organism, cell, or body to adjust to
environmental changes to maintain equilibrium
gene expression - this refers to the use of information in a gene to make a protein or nucleic acid
product. examples of nucleic acid products are tRNA and rRNA.
transcription - this refers to the synthesis or RNA from DNA
translation - Synthesizing a protein from an mRNA strand
cellular differentiation - This is the process by which a cell changes to a new cell type
interphase - the cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material. can be
further divided into g1, s, and g2
,prophase - chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
pairs of centrioles move to opposite side of the cell and spindle fibers begin to form. mitotic spindle,
formed from cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around within the cell.
metaphase - the spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of
the spindle structure.
anaphase - the pairs of chromosomes, called sisters, begin to pull apart, and may bend. When hey are
separated, they are called daughter chromosomes. Grooves appear in the cell membrane.
telophase - the spindle disintegrates, the nuclear membranes reform, and the chromosomes revert to
chromatin. in animals, the membrane is pinched. in plants, a new cell wall begins to form.
cytokinesis - this is the physical splitting of the cell into two cells. it begins during anaphase as the cell
begins to furrow and is completed following telophase.
Enzymes can be divided into six classes - oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, and
ligase
oxidoreducase enzymes - catalyze oxidation reduction (redox) reactions during which hydrogen and
oxygen are gained or lost
transferase enzymes - catalyze the transfer of functional groups such as the amino or phosphate group.
hydrolase enzymes - break chemical bonds by using water. (lipase and sucrase)
lyase enzymes - break chemical bonds or remove groups of atoms without using water
isomerase enzymes - catalyze the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
ligase enzymes - join two molecules by forming a bond between atoms
, anabolic reactions - build up large chemicals and require energy. four organic macromolecules produced
by this reaction include: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.
catabolic reactions - break down large chemicals and release energy. Four basic building blocks involved
in this reaction are monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.
catabolism - biosynthetic process by which macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
both energy and molecules that are used in anabolic processes are produced.
protein biosynthesis - uses amino acids, which are intermediate products of the krebs cycle
lipid biosyntehsis - uses fatty acids, which are formed from acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) during the Krebs
cycle and glycerol which is derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glycolysis.
amino acids - building blocks of proteins
proteins - made up of amino acids that are linked together into a polypeptide chain and have four levels
of structure (primary through quarternary)
chemiosmosis - process by which energy is made available for ADP to form ATP. When electrons move
down the electron transport chain, the energy pumps protons to one side of the membrane. the
equilibrium is disrupted at this point because the concentration gradient on the other side of the
protons have gathered is greater than the concentration gradient on the other side of the membrane.
the protons diffuse through the membrane as a result. the energy of this process fuels phosphorylation.
glycolysis - glucose in converted into pyruvate and energy stored in ATP is released. Has many pathways.
Embden-Meyerhof pathway - is a type of glycolysis in which one molecule of glucose becomes two ATP
and two NADH molecules. Pyruvic acide (two pyruvate molecules) is the end product)
Entner-Duodoroff pathway - This is a type of glycolysis in which on glucose molecule forms into one
molecule of ATP and two of NADPH, which are used for other reactions. The end product is two
pyruvate molecules.
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