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Encyclopedia of Counseling Human Growth and Development (NCE).docx
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Encyclopedia of Counseling: Human Growth andDevelopment (NCE)
1. Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are: (a) psychometric
(b) psychodiagnostic
(c) psychpharmacological
(d) psychosocial -
(d) psychosocial
2. In Freud's psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego
psychologists:
(a) emphasize the id processes
(b) refute the concept of the superego
(c) believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
(d) are sometimes known as radical behaviorists -
(c) believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
3. The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan
was:
(a) Erik Erikson
(b) Milton H. Erikson
(c) A.A. Brill
(d) Jean Piaget -
(a) Erik Erikson
4. The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of:
(a) Erik Erikson
(b) Sigmund Freud
(c) Jay Haley
,(d) Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan -
(b) Sigmund Freud
5. Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1
to stage 4 is:
(a) formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor
(b) formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor
(c) sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
(d) concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations -
(c) sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
6. Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental
research inasmuch as:
(a) he utilized the t test too frequently
(b) he failed to check for Type 1 or alpha errors
(c) he worked primarily with minority children
(d) his findings were often derived from observing his own children -
(d) his findings were often derived from observing his own children
7. A tall, skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels
the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered:
(a) symbolic schema
(b) conservation
(c) androgynous psychosocial issues
(d) trust vs mistrust -
(b) conservation
This is a term from Piaget's work. According to Piaget, a child masters this concept in the concrete
operations stage (age 7-11 years)
,8. In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to:
(a) volume or mass
(b) defenses of the ego
(c) the sensorimotor intelligence stage
(d) a specific psychosexual stage of life -
(a) volume or mass
Conservation is the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it
changes shape
David Elkind and Piaget report that mass is the first and most easily understood concept for children.
Then, they master weight, and then finally the concept of volume.
9. A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as:
(a) formal operations--12 years and older
(b) concrete operations--ages 7-11 years
(c) preoperations--ages 2-7 years
(d) sensorimotor intelligence--birth to 2 years -
(b) concrete operations
This can be remembered by keeping in mind that Concrete and Conservation both begin with a "c"
10. ___________expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development
(a) Erik Erikson
(b) Lev Vygotsky
(c) Lawrence Kohlberg
(d) John B. Watson -
(c) Lawrence Kohlberg
, 11. According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as the
concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notions suggests:
(a) that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift
(b) the child is ambidextrous
(c) the child is more cognizant of mass than weight
(d) one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape -
(d) one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape
12. During a thunderstorm, a 6 year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought says, "The rain
is following me." This is an example of:
(a) egocentrism
(b) conservation
(c) centration
(d) abstract thought -
(a) egocentrism
Egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone
else
Centration is also a Piagetian concept that occurs in the preoperational stage. However, it refers to the
tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possible relevant aspects
13. Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:
(a) a single level of morality
(b) two levels of morality
(c) three levels of morality
(d) preoperational thought as the basis for all morality -
(c) three levels of morality
1. Preconventional
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