GPT chem exam 2 chat stuff ch 19 questions & answers 2024/2025
Lightning - ANSWERSA dramatic demonstration of the power of electrical charge flow, often occurring in thunderclouds. Electrons move from negative to positive charge, creating visible and powerful electrical discharges.
Battery ...
Lightning - ANSWERSA dramatic demonstration of the power of electrical charge flow, often occurring in
thunderclouds. Electrons move from negative to positive charge, creating visible and powerful electrical
discharges.
Battery Operation - ANSWERSBatteries operate on similar principles as lightning. They consist of
substances with different electron affinities, creating a positive charge at one end and a negative charge
at the other. When a conductive path is formed, charge flows, producing electrical energy.
Thundercloud Charge Separation - ANSWERSIn a thundercloud, violent air currents cause collisions
between water droplets and ice particles. This leads to the separation of positive charges on rising ice
crystals and negative charges on the slushy bottom, creating potential for lightning.
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning - ANSWERSWhen a thundercloud gets close to the ground, a conductive path
forms between the negatively charged base of the cloud and the positively charged earth, resulting in a
visible and dramatic flow of electrical charge known as cloud-to-ground lightning.
Ionized Air Channel - ANSWERSIn the context of lightning, a channel of ionized air develops when the
charge separation in a thundercloud is significant. This channel acts like a conductive wire, enabling a
massive flow of charge and leading to the creation of lightning.
Battery Components - ANSWERSBatteries are composed of substances with different electron affinities,
separated to create positive and negative ends. The charge separation is resolved when a conductive
path is established, allowing electrons to flow.
Electron Flow in Batteries - ANSWERSWhen a conductive path connects the positive and negative ends of
a battery, electrons flow through the path, producing electrical energy. This flow can power devices,
generating heat and light, similar to the effects in lightning but in a more controlled environment.
, Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions - ANSWERSReactions in which the flow of electric charge occurs,
such as those within a battery. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain
of electrons.
Oxidation State Changes - ANSWERSChanges in oxidation states indicate oxidation-reduction reactions.
Oxidation corresponds to an increase in oxidation state, while reduction corresponds to a decrease.
Example: In the reaction between calcium and water, calcium is oxidized as its oxidation state increases
from 0 to +2, and hydrogen is reduced as its oxidation state decreases from +1 to 0.
Assigning Oxidation States - ANSWERSThe process of determining the oxidation states of elements in a
chemical reaction. It helps identify and understand redox reactions.
Balancing Redox Reactions - ANSWERSThe process of ensuring conservation of mass and charge in
oxidation-reduction reactions. It can be more complex than balancing other types of reactions and
involves a procedure called the half-reaction method.
Electrical Current - ANSWERSThe flow of electric charge. In a wire, it can be electrons, and in a solution,
it can be ions. Redox reactions can generate electrical current by transferring electrons.
Redox Reactions - ANSWERSChemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one substance to
another. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, and reduction involves the gain of electrons.
Spontaneous Oxidation-Reduction Reaction - ANSWERSA redox reaction that occurs naturally. In the
example provided, zinc undergoes oxidation, and copper ions are reduced, leading to the flow of
electrons.
Voltaic Cell - ANSWERSAn electrochemical cell that produces electrical current from a spontaneous
chemical reaction. It involves two half-cells with different metals and a salt bridge for charge neutrality.
Cell Potential - ANSWERSThe potential difference between the two electrodes in a voltaic cell. It depends
on the relative tendencies of reactants to undergo oxidation and reduction. Measured in volts.
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