Miasma Theory - Theory that bad air caused illness.
Leprosy in the Bible - practice of quarantining people with leprosy suggesting that people understood
that dz's could be communicable.
Leprosy is communicable, it is also a dz that progresses slowly meaning that people were likely
quarantined after they had already spread the dz to others.
Roman Sewage System - Built aqueducts which brought fresh water into the city, and a giant sewer
"Cloaca Maxima" which carried waste away into the river Tiber.
Researchers believe that this infrastructure helped protect Romans from epidemics of waterborne
illnesses.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) - "FATHER OF WESTERN MEDICINE"
Dz is not caused by the supernatural.
Hippocratic Corpus & Oath (To be a healer #1 job is to take care of that patient w/o harming them)
Thucydides (460-395 BC) - FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC HISTORY (To keep records of), advocated for evidence-
based analysis of cause and effect reasoning, studied Athenian plague and discovered immunity
Immunity: People who sick and didn't die did not get sick again.
Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC) - Proposed that disease could be caused by "certain minute
animals/creatures... which cannot be seen by the eye."
*He was roman*
,Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - "FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY"
Dutch cloth merchant, was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes. Observed
single-celled organisms "animalcules" from rain water.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - Fermentation, pasteurization (to be able to last longer), and spoilage by
microbes.
Vaccines e.g. Rabies
Robert Koch (1843-1910) - Established method for connecting pathogen with specific dz; Koch's
postulates.
helped discover: anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) *Taxonomy - Developed a new way to categorize plants and animals.
Systema Naturae, KPCOFGS
Ernst Haekel (1834-1919) *Taxonomy - Proposed four kingdoms (Animals, Plants, PROTISTS, MONERA)
wrote General Morphology of Organisms proposing four kingdoms.
Robert Whittaker (1920-1980) *Taxonomy - Proposed adding a fifth kingdom (Fungi)
Carl Woese (1928-1912) & George Fox (1945-) *Taxonomy - Molecular Techniques (rRNA) and three
domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)
Microbial Classification - Difficulties in classifying microbes
Strains of species
- all same species but phenotypically a little different ex: E Coli pathogenic strain 0157:H7)
, Bergey's Manuals
- Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
- Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Binomial nomenclature
- 2 word system that names organisms based on genus and species ex: Homo sapiens -> H. sapiens
Characteristics and Types of Microbes - Cellular v. Acellular
-Acellular prions & viruses not in the tree of life
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