BIO 201 - Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 | Questions and Answers Latest {2024- 2025}
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In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or... - Nonpolar.
Polarity deals with the _______ of electrons. - Sharing
Each atom can have a slight _______. These dictate how each atom will share ________. - Charge
Electrson
Nonpolar bonds means there is __________ sharing of electrons. Polar bonds have ____________
sharing. - Equal
Nonequal
Endocytosis - What many single-celled eukaryotes use to ingest food particles.
The plasma membrane surrounds/engulfs the food particle.
There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis.
Phagocytosis - Used when the material being taken in is "particulate", like a bacterial cell or an organic
fragment
Pinocytosis - Used when the material being taken in is liquid
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - Used when the material being taken in needs to be transported across
the plasma membrane via receptors. The molecules will bind to a specific site embedded in the plasma
membrane. These receptor molecules are in a concentrated location coated by the protein clathrin.
When enough material molecules accumulate, the pit deepens and seals up to be incorporated into the
cell as a vesicle.
Exocytosis - Opposite of endocytosis.
,The process results in the discharge of materials from membrane-bound packages that migrate to the
inner surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then release the contents outside
of the cell.
Protein Denaturation - Changes the solubility of individual protein molecules, entrapping solvent water
into a semisolid gel structure
What is Jell-O a good example of? - The process of coagulation of proteins into a 3D latticework that
entraps water molecules to produce a semisolid gel
How are proteins synthesized? - By polymerizing amino acids.
This occurs by repeatedly forming peptide bonds that link individual amino acids together into a chain.
What three features influence the 3D shape of a water soluble protein? - Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Primary Structure - The peptide bond between individual amino acids that creates a long chain of
connected amino acids
These include hydrophilic and hydrophobic projections (that are oriented perpendicular to the chain)
Secondary Structure - The helix that the protein chain curls into as a result of hydrogen bonds and other
weak forces
Tertiary Structure - Created when the protein molecules fold back on themselves outside of the helical
segments
Putting the hydrophobic portions on the inside and the hydrophilic portions on the outside
Denaturation - When natural proteins are subjected to physical/chemical treatment and their structures
change
They become "un-native or "unnatural"
, What does heating proteins do to them? - Imparts energy to the molecules
This added energy breaks the relatively weak forces that hold the protein together (in tertiary and
secondary structures)
As the heat continues, the protein molecule unfold more and more
The hydrophilic regions are now exposed to the outside of the molecule
Are peptide bonds hydrophilic or phobic? - Hydrophilic
What happens when protein molecules are denatured and unwound? - They attract water molecules
This traps the water molecules in close proximity to the protein strands
What happens when hydrophobic molecules are exposed? - They become unstable in aqueous
environments
They will then associate with other hydrophobic molecules on other protein molecules
What is the end result of heating proteins? - Water molecules adhere to the surface of hydrophilic
regions and hydrophobic regions dissolve into each other to provide the energy to retain the structure
of the protein
It becomes a large insoluble mass with randomly organized structural framework
What is frying an egg an example of? - Irreversibly denatured proteins resulting in the formation of a
solid gel
The gel entraps water molecules into a semi solid structure
How does the negative feedback go for thirst? - -Situation: during a hot day, water is lost through sweat
and produces a condition of decreasing blood/fluid volume
-Response: blood (fluid) volume decreases, can also be stated as increasing the osmolarity (or
concentration of solutes) of blood
-Detection: increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
-Trend: the sense of thirst is enhance partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone
-Effect: drinking of fluids reverses the declining water volume
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