Exam (elaborations)
ASB 222 Module 1-7 9solved & updated 2024
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ASB 222 Module 1-7 9solved & updated 2024
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ASB 222 Module 1-79solved & updated
2024
Earthworks/Land Art - answer Outdoor works that
use the earth and natural materials as their
medium
Hopewell: communal ceremonial centers perhaps
used to tie disperse community together.
Adena: one of first to build earthworks
Mounds - answer a constructed hill, normally over
a burial site
Hopewell: tripartite structure, expressed closure,
charnel houses, caches of ceremonial objects
Poverty Point, LA - answer Earthwork 2K years
prior to Hopewell - type of Adena
Adena Mounds - answer Adena and Hopewell
500 b.c.-400 a.d. - Ohio River Valleyflat-topped hills
formed circles, squares, or other shapes and were
350 ft across.
,Ceremonial enclosures = not defensive works.
Surrounded burial mounds or stood alone
Important tombs log- lined, corpse painted, pipes
and tablets engraved with symbols
Some buried in death huts that were burned down
ceremoniously
Most were communal mounds and generations
added to it.
Not as complex as Hopewell
Hopewell Subsistence System - answer evidenced
by little midden deveolopment
Small, Dispersed hamlets
Farming local crops
Wild game: deer
Wild plants: nuts
Types and Forms of Hopewell earthworks - answer
elaborate mounds, causeways, "forts", octagons,
circles, squares, often tripartite
Scale was huge
Reasons for building earthworks and mounds -
answer perhaps signified ancestral passage to
underworld
,make dispersed community more concrete
some segmentation- perhaps signifying different
clan participation
mark ceremonial event
established social and territorial boundaries
Cahokia - answer Mississippian settlement near
present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as
25,000 Native Americans
native american sacred traditions have roots here.
Religious leaders and rulers may have inherited
power -richly decorated graves
Collapsed in 1250
Rich artistic tradition, survived in other cultures
right up to European explorers arrived in 1550s in
South and Southeast
Weather too harsh to cultivate large civilizations
like Maya or Aztec
Long term trend toward greater political
elaboration, degree of social ranking and
interdepence
Enchanted Objects - answer ritual object that had
own power to communicate with supernatural
identified by craftmanship:
Polished shinyness
, Form
Color
Ornamentation
made of exotic material obtained by 'power
questing"
Power questing - answer Making journeys to
powerful places for personal prestige
Beyond 'known world'
Pass through territories of different peoples
Physically challenging
Spiritual journey
Ritual Objects and their purpose - answer -
Performance Appropriate ornamentation for ritual
garments that have now decayed
Musical instruments
-Participation attendees may have needed
particular item- copper ear spools
Large caches of stone pipes-
Analogy- the smoking may indicate a ceremonial
use. Similar usage of ceremonial smoking in
modern tribes
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