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SBCP: Microbiology Exam | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified $13.48   Add to cart

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SBCP: Microbiology Exam | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified

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SBCP: Microbiology Exam | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified

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  • August 25, 2024
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SBCP: Microbiology Exam | Questions and Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |
100% Verified




Hepatitis B virus - DNA Hepdnavirus



Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) - Flavivirus - ssRNA



Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Retrovirus - RNA

Infects immune cells - CD4 lymphocytes & macrophages



3 routes of blood borne transmission - 1. Penetrative intercourse

2. Contaminated blood (transfusions, IV drug use)

3. Vertical e.g. breastfeeding, crossing placenta



HBV infection - Long incubation period 6wks -6months

Non-specific prodrome fever and malaise

50% are asymptomatic



Consequences of HBV - Chronic active hepatitis

Cirrhosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma



HBV E antigen - E antigen is form of HBV core antigen

High grade infection

High risk of onward transmission

Likely to develop sequelae



HBV Markers - HBsAg - current infection

,HB Core antibody IgG - past or present infection

HB Core antibody IgM - recent infection

Anti-HBsAg - immunity

e antigen - high grade

HBV DNA - Response to treatment



HBV treatment - Interferon + Lamivudine

Note; Many patients will become resistant to Lamivudine - monitor HBV DNA



HCV Clinical features - Usually asymptomatic in acute stage

70% develop chronic infection

May develop cirrhosis & HCC



HCV markers - HCV antibody - past/present infection

HCV RNA (PCR) - current infection (antibody +/PCR - = past infection)

HCV genotype - guides treatment (Type 1 - poor response - 12 months of treatment vs. Type 3 - good
response - 6 months treatment)



HCV treatment - Interferon

Ribavirin

HCV DNA to assess response



HIV clinical features - Immunosuppression due to reduction in T cell function



Primary HIV: 10-25 days post exposure - glandular fever like illness, lymphadenopathy, rash, fever



AIDs: Meant time from exposure to AIDS ~8years - opportunistic infections, weight loss



Key opportunistic infections in HIV - CMV (Retinitis)

, EBV (Lymphoma)

JC polyomavirus (encephalopathy)

Mycobacteria (TB)

Toxoplasma (CNS infection)

Cryptosporidia (Blood diarrhoea)

Candida (Oesophageal infection)

Pneumocystis (Pneumonia)

Cryptococcus neoformans (Meningitis)



HIV diagnosis - Presence of HIV antibody - ELISA



HIV treatment - Antiretroviral therapy (ART) - suppression rather than cure

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Protease inhibitors



HIV assess response to treatment - Viral load

CD4 lymphocyte count

Mutational analysis for drug resistance



HIV mother to baby transmission prevention - C-section

ART to mother and baby

Avoidance of breast feeding

Reduces transmission from 16-1%



Causes of bacterial diarrhoea - Campylobacter (assoc. with Guillain Barre)

Salmonella

Shigella

E.coli

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