HUN1201 Midterm [CH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,&15] (IRSC) All
Chapters Combined.
Differentiate among the RDA the AI the UL and the EAR. - ANS The Recommended
Dietary Allowance (RDA) serves as an intake goal that meets the requirement of most
healthy people of a given age and gender; RDAs have been set for carbohydrates
protein essential fatty acids and most vitamins and minerals. The Adequate Intake (AI)
provides a suggested daily intake of a nutrient to meet body needs and support health
when there is insufficient research to develop an RDA. The Tolerable Upper Intake
Level (UL) is the highest amount of a nutrient that can be consumed safely with no risk
of toxicity or adverse effects. The UL is used to evaluate the safety of supplements. The
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily intake of a nutrient that will
meet the requirement of 50% of healthy people of a given age and gender. The EAR is
used to evaluate the nutrient intakes of groups rather than individuals
These are the building blocks for making and repairing body tissues. - ANS Amino acids
What chemicals found in fruits and vegetables appear to have cancer-fighting properties
- ANS Phytochemicals
What is nutrigenetics? - ANS Nutrigenetics through human gene mapping helps
scientists learn how slight variations in our genetic code affect our nutrient needs and
susceptibility to particular diseases.
What is homeostasis? - ANS Homeostasis is a state of dynamic equilibrium within the
body's internal environment—a balance achieved through the control of various
interrelated physiologic mechanisms.
What are the functions of macronutrients? - ANS The macronutrients—carbohydrates
fats and protein—supply energy and build tissue.
What are the three general functions of nutrients? - ANS To provide energy To build
and repair body tissues and structures To regulate the metabolic processes that
maintain homeostasis and support life
Which groups of people are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness? - ANS Older
adults children (especially under the age of 5) pregnant women and patients with
compromised immune function (e.g. due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
[AIDS] or cancer)
Name the four secretions that chemically digest food. - ANS Enzymes Hydrochloric acid
and buffer ions Mucus Water and electrolytes
What are foods broken down into through digestion? - ANS Glucose (from
carbohydrates) amino acids (from proteins) and fatty acids (from fats)
, What are prebiotics? - ANS Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates mostly
polysaccharides that promote the growth of favorable microbes: lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria.
What are the four main functions of the GI tract? - ANS Receives food Releases
nutrients from food Delivers nutrients into bloodstream Excretes nondigestible waste
What are the three functions of saliva? - ANS Aid in digestion Moisten the food particles
so they bind together to form a bolus that moves easily down the esophagus Lubricate
and cleanse the teeth and tissues of the mouth
What does insulin do? - ANS Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose. It does this
by stimulating glycogenesis and lipogenesis and by increasing cell permeability.
What has a tremendously large surface area to capture and absorb nutrients? - ANS
The small intestine. The mucosa villi and microvilli together increase the inner surface
area of the small intestine about 1000 times over that of the outside serosa.
What influences the rate of stomach emptying? - ANS The kcaloric density of a meal
along with its volume and composition influence the rate of stomach emptying.
What is GERD? - ANS Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or "heartburn" is the
reflux of the acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus.
What is peristalsis? - ANS Rhythmic sweeping waves along the digestive tract that push
the food mass forward
What prevents food from moving backward in the GI tract? - ANS Muscle sphincters—
pyloric ileocecal and anal—act as valves to prevent reflux or backflow and keep the
food mass moving in a forward direction.
What regulates the rate and intensity of muscle contractions controls the speed at which
the food mass moves along the tract and coordinates the digestive process including
the secretion of enzymes and digestive juices? - ANS An interrelated network of nerves
within the gastrointestinal wall called the intramural nerve plexus
Where does digestion begin? - ANS In the mouth
How far do you have to walk to burn 100 kcal? - ANS About 1 mile
In the past 40 years patterns of food consumption have changed dramatically. Name
three changes. - ANS Increased size of food packages and restaurant portions
increased portion sizes in general rising consumption of high-fructose corn syrup
(HFCS) and sugar-sweetened beverages and increased intake of inexpensive and
palatable foods high in fat and sugar
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