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Exam (elaborations)

LCDC Exam (Latest Update) Questions & Answers

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LCDC Exam (Latest Update) Questions & Answers Two main types of cells in the nervous system glia and neurons Glia Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like neurons, make up the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from toxic chemicals in the blood Nervous system...

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  • August 25, 2024
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LCDC Exam (Latest Update) Questions &
Answers
Two main types of cells in the nervous system ✔✔glia and neurons


Glia ✔✔Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like

neurons, make up the


blood brain barrier that protects the brain from toxic chemicals in the blood


Nervous system ✔✔Consists of neurons, axons and receptors


Receptors ✔✔Proteins that help regulate activity of cells in the nervous system.

Activation of


receptors by neurotransmitters cause a change in activity of the target cell and

many of the

effects of psychoactive drugs are due to the ability to alter neurotransmitters.


Neurons ✔✔basic structural unit of the nervous system responsible for

analyzing and


transmitting information. There are more than 100 billion neurons in the

nervous system


Synapse ✔✔Typical point of communication, gap between neurons is called the

synaptic cleft.

, LCDC Exam (Latest Update) Questions &
Answers
Two types of synapses ✔✔Excitatory and inhibitory synapse. The receiving

region is called the


dendrite


Effects on receptors ✔✔Can be agonistic or antagonistic


Agonistic drugst ✔✔interact with the receptor and produce a response, agonist

(a substance that


fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to) Imitates the action of

neurotransmitter, is


the use of a (usually) long-acting medication that stimulates the same brain

receptors as the drug


of addiction. The most obvious example is opioid agonist therapy for opioid

addiction using


methadone or buprenorphine. An agonist is a drug that activates certain

receptors in the brain.


Full agonist opioids activate the opioid receptors in the brain fully resulting in

the full opioid

, LCDC Exam (Latest Update) Questions &
Answers
effect. Examples of full agonists are heroin, oxycodone, methadone,

hydrocodone, morphine,


opium and others. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist meaning, it activates the

opioid receptors in


the brain, but to a much lesser degree than a full agonist. A pure opioid

antagonist used in


medicine is naloxone (not to be confused with naltrexone).


Antagonisitic ✔✔Drugs interact with the receptor but prevent a response,

agonist drugs which


bind to the neurotransmitters in the brain, antagonist drugs do the opposite:

they block the brain's


neurotransmitters. The action of neurotransmitter is obstructed. Buprenorphine

also acts as an


antagonist, meaning it blocks other opioids, while allowing for some opioid

effect of its own to


suppress withdrawal symptoms and cravings.

, LCDC Exam (Latest Update) Questions &
Answers
Agonist-antagonist opioids ✔✔In pharmacology the term agonist-antagonist is

used to refer to a


drug which exhibits some properties of an agonist (a substance that fully

activates the neuronal


receptor that it attaches to) and some properties of an antagonist (a substance

that attaches to a


receptor but does not activate it or if it displaces an agonist at that receptor it

seemingly


deactivates it thereby reversing the effect of the agonist).


Agonist-antagonist opioids[edit]


The best known agonist-antagonists are opioids. Examples of such opioids are:


buprenorphine[1] (Suboxone, Subutex)


pentazocine


butorphanol


nalbuphine

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