HCS 212 Exam Latest Update
The skeletal system is made of: - Answer - skeletal bones
- cartilage
- ligaments
- connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton
- bones are dynamic organs, which consist of several tissue types
Functions of the skeletal system - Answer - support
- provides the framework for the attachment of other organs
- mineral storage
- calcium ions: 98% of the body's calcium ions are in the bones
phosphate ions
- blood cell production
- bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
- leverage
- muscles pull on the bones to produce movement
- protection
- ribs protect the heart and lungs
- skull protects the brain
- vertebrae protect the spinal cord
- pelvic bones protect the reproductive organs
Collagen fibers - Answer - make up 2/3 of the bone matrix
- contribute to the tensile strength of bones
- collagen and hydroxyapatite make bone tissue extremely strong
Bone (osseos tissue) - Answer - supporting connective tissue
- specialized cells
- solid matrix
, - outer lining
- called the periosteum
- inner lining
called the endosteum
The histological organization of mature bone - Answer - the matrix
- collagen phosphate eventually converts to hydroxyapatite crystals
hydroxyapatite crystals resist compression
Structure of bone - Answer - bone cells
- osteocysts
- osteoblasts
- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoclasts
Bone cells - Answer Contribute only 2% of the bone mass
Osteocytes - Answer - mature bone cells
- maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix
Osteoblasts - Answer - immature bone cells
- found on the inner and outer surfaces of the bones
- produce osteoid, which is involved in making the matrix
- osteoblasts are involved in making new bone
- this process is called osteogenesis
- osteoblasts can convert to osteocytes
Osteoprogenitor cells - Answer - found on the inner and outer surfaces of bones
- differentiate to form new osteoblasts
- heavily involved in the repair of bones after a break
Osteoclasts - Answer - secrete acids, which dissolve the bone thereby causing the
release of stored calcium ions and phosphate ions into the blood
- this process is called osteolysis
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