acid fast stain - Correct Answer- A staining procedure for identifying bacteria that have a
waxy cell wall. Mycobacterium, TB
Staphylococci - Correct Answer-
streptococci - Correct Answer-
mycoplasmids - Correct Answer- wall-less, sensitive to environment, indetermined shape
Gram-positive bacteria structure - Correct Answer- have a thick cell wall composed of
peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acids
resist lysis, but can be opsonized
other proteins(fibril) and carbs (capsule)
,teichoic acid - Correct Answer- Ribitol or glycerol phosphate and various R side chains
Gram positive only
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Correct Answer- molecule composed of lipid A and
polysaccharide found in the external membrane of Gram-negative cell walls. Endotoxin
Lipid A - Correct Answer- A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin
B-hydroxy myristic acid, phosphates, glucosamine-unique C14 fatty acid
Recognized by TLR4
What is recognized by TLR4? - Correct Answer- Lipid A
core oligosaccharide - Correct Answer- highly conserved
KDO and heptose
O antigen - Correct Answer- +/-
repeating units of 3-5 sugars
+Smooth/-rough (ends at core)
antigenic and highly variable
LOS - Correct Answer- lipooligosaccharide- LPS without O antigen
Acid fast structure (mycobacteria) - Correct Answer- Gram +
wall made of fatty acids and waxes, hydrophobic components make it difficult to stain
*mycolic acid, Wax D, cord factor arabinogalactans, and sulfolipids (virulence factors)
Wall-less structure (mycoplasma) - Correct Answer- incorporate cholesterol from host
very liable, small genome, simplest organisms
peptidoglycan - Correct Answer- murein backbone with unusual peptide chain-NAM and
NAG, pentapeptide with L and D amino acids
, Antimicrobials that target peptidoglycan - Correct Answer- B-lactams: penicillin (ampicillin
and methicillin) and cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin
What enzyme hydrolyses peptidoglycan backbone? - Correct Answer- lysozyme
Peptidoglycan structure - Correct Answer-
Peptidoglycan synthesis - Correct Answer- 1. Precursors are made in the cytoplasm.
2. They are carried across the cell membrane
3. The precursors are polymerized
4. The peptide side chains are cross-linked by transpeptidases. Third amino acid- NH2 side
chain ( lysine for gram + and diaminopimelic acid for gram -). Peptide bond displaces
terminal amino acid of adjacent peptide chain.
Bacitracin - Correct Answer- inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking transport of subunits
through cell membrane
B-lactams - Correct Answer- Inhibit transpeptidation
Include penicillin (methicillin, ampicillin) and cephalosporins
vancomycin - Correct Answer- inhibits transpeptidation and transport by binding D-Ala-D-
Ala so that transpeptidase can't recognize
Which antibiotics are too big to fit through porins of gram-negative? - Correct Answer-
vancomycin and bacitracin
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) - Correct Answer- binds to transpeptidase and deactivate
them
prevents cross-linking
pentaglycine bridge - Correct Answer- the crosslink between tetrapeptides in gram-positive
cell walls
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