Health Disparity specific health problem - more likely among a particular group of individuals
SES is NOT a health disparity (it can be a contributor to a health disparity though)
CVD is not just dependent on.... diet and exercise
US has the _______ rates of death due to CVD in the world lowest ...
BBH 311 Quiz 5 Test Questions and
Correct Answers
Health Disparity ✅specific health problem
- more likely among a particular group of individuals
SES is NOT a health disparity (it can be a contributor to a health disparity though)
CVD is not just dependent on.... ✅diet and exercise
US has the _______ rates of death due to CVD in the world ✅lowest
- shows that it is not simply because we eat a lot of crap and lack exercise and are
obese
In 25 years, CVD related mortality has... ✅been cut in half in high income countries
- trend are increasing in many low- to middle- income countries ( account for 80% of
CVD related deaths)
What accounts for 80% of CVD related deaths? ✅trends in low to middle income
countries
Deaths are more prevalent in low income countries ,, not necessarily just the US
Russia and China are high income countries and have the same access to health so
why are people more likely to die there than in the US? ✅Chinese government was
slow to switch the emphasis/funding from symptom based treatments ( intervening
AFTER serious symptoms of CVD are identified) to prevention efforts
--- Chinese slow to use medicine and stuff to prevent and instead only used it once the
disease has developed and progressed - US intervenes at hypertension level
lifestyle- diet/exercise
- works for about 1/3 of people and once intervention is over the people go back to how
they were at the start-- shows that it doesn't work for majority of individuals
medication management
-actually works majority of the time)
CVD and comorbitities ✅77% of those with Type 2 diabetes also have hypertension (
and this finding was using the old criteria and hypertension is seen at a lower blood
pressure than before so this currently underestimates the current association,, the
percent is prolly up higher)
,The predictors of CVD and Type 2 diabetes are largely the... ✅Same
- inflammation
- stress
- lifestyle
- genetics
Intervention of CVD or Type 2 ✅if intervene on CVD you reduce the risks of Type 2
and if you intervene on Type 3 then you reduce the risks of CVD
Even super small improvements in HbA1c are associated with reduced risk of CVD
(Mostafa et al)
physiological symptom/systems of these two types of diseases overlap
What is the largest modifiable factor associated with CVD and cancer? ✅Tobacco use
What are the similar modifiable risk factors for CVD and cancer? ✅- obesity
- type 2 diabetes
- inflammation
- Tobacco use
- low fruit/ vegetable intake
- lack of physical activity
- high alcohol use
- hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia ( high LDL cholesterol; particular for breast cancer)
Similar non-modifiable risk factors for CVD and cancer ✅- Age
- Sex
- men diagnosed with CVD earlier and also more likely to develop cancer
- Race/ethnicity
- prostate/ breast cancer/ CVD among African Americans
We need to stop acting as if Cvd and cancer and Type 2 diabetes and all are separate
because they are not as separated as people make them seem
Interventions could work across different types of health problems ✅One who gets one
is more likely to get the other
Non- steriodal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) ✅- reduce inflammation but increase
risk of CVD greatly
Could be responsible for up to 20% of hospital admission for CVD ( 1 out of 5 that goes
to hospital for heart related diseases is there because Anti-inflammatory)
, So do not take NSAIDS to reduce inflammation because it is likely to increase risk of
CVD greatly
-Reduce nitric oxide in the blood
- increase blood pressyre
- increase risk of bleeding ulcers, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea
Because NSAIDS are not awesome for reducing inflammation we need other routes for
reducing it ✅Mindfulness
Exercise (reduces inflammation by recruiting antiinflammatory cytokines)
The issue with these is that they require more effort ( lifestyle interventions are very
effortful and do not work the majority of the time)
Community level variables and CVD ✅Smoking bans such as at restaurants or bars
Nearly double the risk of CVD in areas without restaurant/ bar smoking bans ( this is not
even controlling for whether or not each participant actually smoked,, so even if you did
not smoke your risk for CVD goes up when simply being around it and not even doing it
yourself)
Would you see results if you implemented a "diet and exercise intervention" to work to
cut rates of CVD? ✅You would NOT achieve cutting rates of CVD in half ( but a
smoking ban has the ability to cut rates in half)
1/3 of intervention would get better during the lifestyle intervention but then go back to
the same levels when intervention is over
Besides smoking bans what else reduces the risk of CVD? ✅Being married
Social Support and CVD ✅Marriages or similar relationships are our primary sources
of social support and any rupture in this is associated with poor outcomes (Divorce is
associated with increased CVD)
Quality of relationships matter
Low marital quality= increased risk of CVD
higher rates of discordant behavior ( disagreements and arguing) predicted greater risk
of CVD
What is associated with lower marriage quality which indirectly increases risk of CVD?
✅Anger and hostility
Low SES and job stress
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