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Introduction to Psychology Notes
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGYMR. ELFIE SAMANIEGO
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Goals of Psychology as a Science
Describe
Nature and Scope of Psychology
● Via the scientific process.
Psychology ● Using valid and reliable psychological tests
● Came from Greek word “logos” meaning Explain
science or study and,
● “Psyche” meaning mind or soul. – minds:
● Individual differences.
something that cannot be seen; soul: “can we ● “Why” of the behavior.
study soul?”
● Scientific study of behavior. – mind = behavior Control
● Has its roots in the philosophy and natural ● Controlling negative and maladaptive
sciences. behavior.
Behavior Predict
● Any response or reaction to a stimulus. – ● To attain order and to avoid negative
trigger. undesirable consequences.
Philosophical Roots Psychology in Different Perspectives
➢ Biological Body
Ancient Greece
➢ Psychodynamic Freud (??)
● 4th and 5th century BC Greek philosophers
made assumption about the nature of man, ➢ Behavioral Behaviors
his personality, and behavior. ➢ Cognitive Thinking
Rene Descartes ➢ Phenomenological Where we are situated in.
● Said that mind and body are separate.
Timeline of Classic Perspectives
● Focus is on the mind.
● “I think therefore, I am.” Structuralism
● Focuses on breaking things down to their
Roots in Natural Science smallest parts.
● Examines capabilities of different parts of the
mind.
● Uses introspection to study feelings and
sensations.
● Identified by Edward B. Titchener.
Functionalism
● Focuses on how the mind allows people to
adapt, live, work, and play.
● Focused on the purpose of consciousness
and behavior.
Figure 1.1: Wilhelm Wundt
● Examines how the mind functions in
Wilhem Wundt different environments.
● German Philosopher-Physician ● Uses objective techniques to explore
● Stablished the first psychology laboratory. memories and emotions.
● Birth of psychology as a science. Gestalt Psychology
● He aimed to study the building blocks of the ● Holism.
mind.
● Gestalt meaning “good figure.”
● Considered psychology to be the study of
● Focuses on sensation and perception.
conscious experience.
● Max Wertheimer.
Natural Science Social Science ● Cognitive Psychology. – a field focusing on
Psychopharmacology Social Psychology perception learning, memory, thought
process, and problem solving.
Psychoneuroimmunology Developmental Psychology
● Looks at the human mind and behavior as a
Behavioral Neuroscience Industrial-Org Psychology whole.
Psychoneuroendocrinology Educational Psychology
1 I INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
, INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
MR. ELFIE SAMANIEGO
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Timeline of Classic Perspectives Modern Perspectives
Psychoanalysis Phenomenological Perspective
● Focuses on the unconscious. ● Looks at man as a rational being with
intellect and will,
● Based on the work of Sigmund Freud.
● Foundation for the psychodynamic
● An individual with different needs and
motives, and
perspective.
● A being with past experiences influencing his
view of self and actions.
● Different individuals view the world differently.
Specialized Areas in Psychology
Clinical Psychology
● Clinical assessments, current treatment of
mental disorders with the use of psychological
methods.
Counseling Psychology
● Normal or moderate mal-adjustment.
School Psychology
Figure 1.2: Psychoanalysis ● Educators to promote intellectual, work with
educators to social, and emotional growth of
Behaviorism school-ages children.
● Focuses on observable behavior only.
● Proposed by John B. Watson.
Educational Psychology
● Based on Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that ● Teaching-learning situation and conduction
a reflex could be conditioned (learned). studies for improvement of measurement and
evaluation and educational programs.
● Behavior is the basic data of scientific
psychology. Industrial/Organizational Psychology
● Objective study of habits formed via stimulus- ● Normal or moderate mal-adjustment.
response interactions.
Health Psychology
Modern Perspectives
● Interrelationship of mind, body behavior, and
Biological Perspective health.
● Brain and nervous system. Biopsychology
● All psychological events can be related to the
activity of the brain and nervous system.
● Scientific study of biological bases of behavior.
● Neurotransmitters. – body’s chemical Cognitive Psychology
messengers.
● Exploration of mental processes, learning,
Psychodynamic Perspective memory, thought, ideas, beliefs.
● Foundation is Psychoanalysis Forensic Psychology
● More focused on the development of sense ● Relationship of psychology and the law;
of self and the discovery of other motivations specialty area of clinical psychology.
behind a person’s behavior than sexual
motivations. Neuro Psychology
● Events in childhood have great influence on ● Relationship of brain functioning and behavior,
our adult lives, shaping our personality. psychological effect of brain damage and its
psychological intervention.
Cognitive Perspective
● Examines how we understand and think Social Psychology
about the world. ● Behavior of man in his/her interactions with
● Cognition: process of thinking. others considering his/her perceptions,
● Focuses on memory, attention, thoughts, attitudes, values, and traits.
ideas, belief.
2 I INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
, INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
MR. ELFIE SAMANIEGO
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Specialized Areas in Psychology
Developmental Psychology Biological Bases of Behavior
● Principles of development applied to person’s Neurons
physical, social, cognitive, emotional aspects
from birth to old age. ● Also called Nerve Cells
● Receive and transmit signals.
Peace Psychology
● Study of psychological aspects of violence, Main Parts:
social inequalities, peacemaking, and pursuit Nerve cell body Rounded part; nucleus.
of social justice. Dendrites Tiny branches; antennae pick up signals.
Axon Long fiber with Myelin Sheat which
Sports Psychology
speeds travel of signals.
● Application of psychological theories and
principles for enhancement of athlete’s Nervous System
performance.
● Complex neural network carrying information
Experimental Psychology throughout the body.
● Use of experimental designs in establishing Central Nervous Brain and spinal cord.
causal relationship between independent and System Spinal Cord: primary means
dependent variables. transmitting messages between
Cross-cultural Psychology brain and body.
Peripheral Neurons with long axons and
● How different cultures affect behavior.
Nervous system dendrites.
Ecological/Environmental Psychology From spinal cord and brain to
extremities of the body.
● Influences of environment on behavior.
Consumer Psychology
● Address the need satisfaction of consumers.
Engineering Psychology
● Relationship of man with machine and devices
harmonious for better work performance.
Figure 2.1: Central Nervous System
The Brain
Methods of Studying the Brain
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
● Record electrical activity of the brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
● Biochemical activity with the brain.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
● Detailed, 3D images of the brain.
3 I INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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