Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Gerard J. Tortora/Bryan Derrickson
1. anatomy: the study of body structures and the relationships that exist among
them
2. embryology: refers to the study of structures of a fertilized egg through the
eighth week in utero
3. developmental biology: structures emerge from fertilized egg to the adult
form
4. cell biology: cellular structures and functions
5. histology: microscopic structure of tissues
6. surface: anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through
visualization and palpation
7. gross (big): structures which can be examined without the use of a
microscope
8. systemic: structure of specific systems of the body
9. regional: specific regions of the body
10. radiographic: body structures visualized with x-rays
11. pathological: structural changes associated with disease
12. physiology: the study of body structures or how the body parts work
13. neurophysiology: functional properties of nerve cells
14. endocrinology: hormones and how they control body functions
15. cardiovascular: functions of the heart and blood vessels
16. immunology: defense systems against disease-causing agents
17. respiratory physiology: functions of air passageways and lungs
18. renal physiology: functions of the kidney
19. exercise physiology: changes in cell and organ functions as a result of
muscular activity
20. pathophysiology: functional changes associated with disease and aging
21. atoms: the smallest units of matter and participate in chemical reactions to
form molecules
22. molecules: two or more atoms joined together
23. cell: the four macromolecules along with other inorganic molecules come
together to form the basic structural and functional units of all organisms
24. organelles: the structural and functional units of a cell and vary greatly
between the different types of cells
25. structure and function: the diversity of cell types which make up the human
body are defined by this
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, .
26. tissue: comprised of groups of cells and surrounding materials that have a
similar structure and origin
27. epithelial tissue: covering body surfaces; lining hollow organs and cavities;
forms glands
28. muscle tissue: moving body parts; move fluids within organs, generate heat
to maintain body temperature
29 connective tissue: connecting, supporting, and protecting body organs; most
abundant and diverse
30. nervous tissue: communication through electrical pulses (nerve impulses)
31. organs: created when two or more different types of tissue combine within a
single structure to perform a specific function
32. system: consists of related organs which have common function
33. organism: any living individual and refers to the all parts at all other levels
functioning together
34. metabolism: the sum of all chemical reaction processes that occur within the
body
35. catabolism: the breakdown of chemical substances and/or macromolecules
into simpler compounds and/or monomers
36. anabolism: the synthesis (building) of complex chemical substances and/or
macromolecules from smaller, simpler components and/or monomers
37. responsiveness: refers to the ability of the organisms to detect and respond
to changes in both the internal and external environment
38. movement: includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells,
and structures inside the cell
39. growth: refers to an increase in the size of the organism through an increase
in cell size, the number of cells, or both.
40. differentiation: begins when fertilized egg divides to a 200 cell cluster; a
process in which unspecialized cells change into cells with specialized
functions and structures
41. stem cells: precursor cells which can divide and become specialized cells
through differentiation
42. reproduction: formation of new cells responsible for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement; the production of a new individual
43. homeostasis: the condition characterized by the body's internal environment
being in equilibrium (balance), remaining relative constant, due to the endless
interplay of the body's regulatory process; disruptions to the homeostasis of
the body may originate from either the internal or the external environment or
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