BBH 432 Aspects of Stress Exam 1 Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BBH 432
Institution
BBH 432
Know the definition of stress from Baum, Grunberg, and Singer "Stress is a process in which environmental or psychological events, called stressors, come to threaten an organism's safety or well-being."
Stress is a process That process of how we respond, how long we respond, and how that response ...
BBH 432 Exam 2
(Psychoneuroimmunology) Review
Questions and Correct Answers
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) ✅1. Deals with interactions among the mind, the
nervous system, the immune system and the endocrine system; the impact of
behavior/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health and disease
Robert Ader's Experiment ✅1. In 1975, Ader conducted the first experiments showing
that the brain directly influences the immune system by using classical conditioning in
rats
2. To study taste aversion, rats were given an injection of a nausea inducing drug,
paired with saccharin water
3. Rats love saccharin, but wouldn't drink it anymore because it was associated with
getting sick
4. As expected, the more saccharin flavored drink they consumed, the stronger the
aversion
5. A surprising finding was that after conditioning, just feeding the rats saccharin water
without the drug was associated with the death of some animal
6. The nausea drug (Cytoxan) was an immune suppressant
7. Maybe, the rat's immune system learned that when saccharin was given, the immune
system crashed
8. Conditioned rats exposed to the saccharin were indeed immune suppressed
9. In other words, a signal via the nervous system (Taste) was affecting immune
function
10. This was one of the first scientific experiments that demonstrated that the nervous
system can affect the immune system
Functions of the Immune System ✅1. Destruction and clearance of foreign substance
(Leukocytes) such as; Virus, bacteria, toxins that might enter body, altered self (tumor
cells-kills the growth of tumor cells)
2. Ignore self- don't destroy normal cells
However:
--Autoimmune disease such as Multiple sclerosis, Celiac disease, diabetes type 1
--Allergy (A hyper-immune response): Overreaction to environmental substance
*Immune System is spread throughout body via lymphatic system*
Components of the Immune System ✅1. Lymphatic System
2. Lymphoid Organs (Lymphnodes, Tonsils, Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen)
3. White Blood Cells
White Blood Cells ✅1. Leukocytes
, 2. Mobile units of the body's defense system
3. "Seek and Destroy" Functions (Destroy microorganisms, abnormal cells [cancer],
clean up cellular debris [Phagocytosis])
Granulocytes ✅Type of WBC
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
Neutrophils ✅1. 50-70% of all leukocytes (Most abundant of WBC's)
2. Important in inflammatory responses: Neutrophils are one of the first cells to arrive. A
number of substances produced during an inflammatory response recruit neutrophil to a
site of inflammation
3. They can survive three to four days, but after they digest bacteria, they die in about
12 hours
4. Phagocytes that engulf bacteria and debris
Eosinophils ✅1. 1-4% of the WBC's
2. Attack parasitic worms
3. Important in allergic and asthma reactions
4. Following activation:
-Production of reactive oxygen species and cytokines
Basophils ✅1. .5% of the WBC's
2. Least common of WBCs
3. Important in allergic reactions
4. Release histamine and heparin
--Both are involved in the inflammatory response, but heparin also prevents blood from
clotting too quickly (anticoagulant)
Arganulocytes ✅Type of WBC
1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes (B and T cells and Natural Killer Cells)
Monocytes ✅1. 2-6% of the WBC's
2. Half of them are stored in the spleen
3. Play multiple roles in immune function
4. Exit blood (Diapedesis) to become macrophages
--Macrophage= A large phagocytic defending against viruses and bacteria
Lymphocytes ✅Type of WBC
1. 25-33% of the WBCs
2. Can live up to a month
3. Three types
--T lymphocytes (Directly Destroy Virus, invaded cells, and cancer cells)
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