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AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 2 Questions & 100% correct Answers- Latest Test | Graded A+ | Passed
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Psychology Ξ -:- the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes Science Ξ -:- The means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation Introspection by Wundt Ξ -:- A systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic str...

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  • August 26, 2024
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E x c e l l e n c e i s k e y | 2 0 2 0 2 5 ~ P a g e |1




AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 2 Questions &
100% correct Answers- Latest Test | Graded A+ |
Passed
Psychology

Ξ -:- the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes



Science

Ξ -:- The means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective

investigation



Introspection by Wundt

Ξ -:- A systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up conscious

awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations



Emergence of psychology

Ξ -:- Watson questioned the subjectiveness of introspection - variety between person

to person made it hard to establish general principles



Behaviourist approach

Ξ -:- A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of

learning



Classical conditioning

Ξ -:- Learning by association



Operant conditioning

Ξ -:- Learning where behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

, E x c e l l e n c e i s k e y | 2 0 2 0 2 5 ~ P a g e |2


Reinforcement

Ξ -:- A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour

being repeated



Assumptions of behaviourist approach

Ξ -:- - assumes everything about human behaviour is learnt through experience

(classical or operant conditioning)

- relies on lab experiments

- animals have same basic processes that govern learning and so can be replaced as experimental
subjects



Pavlov's research

Ξ -:- Pavlov presented a bell (NS) with food (UCS), which caused the dog to salivate

(UCR). Eventually, the dog associated the sound of the bell and food so the sound of the bell

(CS) would cause the dog to salivate (CR) - demonatrating the learning of innate reflex

behaviours in animals



Skinner's research

Ξ -:- He suggested that learning is an active process whereby humans and animals

operate on their environment eg, the skinner box



Positive reinforcement

Ξ -:- Rewards when a certain desirable behaviour is performed



Negative reinforcement

Ξ -:- When an animal or human avoids something unpleasant



Punishment




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

, E x c e l l e n c e i s k e y | 2 0 2 0 2 5 ~ P a g e |3


Ξ -:- An unpleasant consequence of behaviour



Behaviourist approach - limit

Ξ -:- Doesn't take into account any biological aspects and so is deterministic



Behaviourist approach - application

Ξ -:- Treatment to phobias through systematic desensitisation through classical

conditioning



Behaviourist approach - research support

Ξ -:- Influential in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline



Social learning theory

Ξ -:- A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect

reinforcement



Imitation

Ξ -:- Copying the behaviour of others



Identification

Ξ -:- When as observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like

the role model



Modelling

Ξ -:- Imitating the behaviour of a role model



Vicarious reinforcement




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

, E x c e l l e n c e i s k e y | 2 0 2 0 2 5 ~ P a g e |4


Ξ -:- Reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observing

someone else being reinforced for a behaviour



Mediational processes

Ξ -:- Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and

response



Assumptions of social learning theory

Ξ -:- - learning occurs through observation and imitation of others in a social context

- learning occurs directly and indirectly



Role of mediational processes identified by Bandura

Ξ -:- 1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Motor reproduction

4. Motivation



Social learning theory - limit

Ξ -:- Underestimates the influence of biological factors - boys were found to be more

aggressive



Social learning theory - application

Ξ -:- Applied to token economy systems in prison - help to rehabilitate prisoners to

lower recidivism



Social learning theory - research support

Ξ -:- Bandura's bobo doll experiment - adult hit doll with hammer



Cognitive approach


26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

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