How are micro-organisms transmitted? - ANSWER-1. Trauma
(including injection)
2. Bite
3. Droplet
4. Saliva
5. Faecal/Oral
6. Sexual
7. Transplacental
Define the term 'sterilisation' - ANSWER-a process that kills or
removes all types of micro-organisms including bacterial spores
Define the term 'disinfection' - ANSWER-a process that reduces the
number of pathogenic micro-organisms to a level that is unlikely to
result in infection
Steam sterilisation is also known as 'autoclaving', name the
advantages and disadvantages of this method of sterilisation as well
as ideal: 1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Time - ANSWER-Advantages:
- very effective penetration
- non-toxic
,- time-efficient
Disadvantages:
- corrosive to carbon-steel
- damages rubber and some plastics
- wets paper packaging
Name the type of sterilisation method that involves radioactive Cobalt
and what is it usually used for? - ANSWER-Gamma irradiation and it is
generally used industrially for sterilising packaged items (syringes,
gloves etc) and single use items
What are the 2 ways we can monitor the efficacy of sterilisation? -
ANSWER-1. Biological monitoring:
- bacterial spores used as Biological Indicator
- not practical for every sterilisation cycle (weekly)
2. Chemical monitoring:
- heat-sensitive inks
- also serves to label sterile and non-sterile items
,What type of organisms should disinfectants be effective against? -
ANSWER-Tuberculosis and hydrophillic viruses (plus most viruses)
What are the functions of saliva? - ANSWER-1. Protective:
How is the calcium in saliva divided? - ANSWER-1. 50% ionised to
Ca2+ >6.5
2. 30% as non-ionised phosphate and bicarbonate salts
- <10% bound to other small molecules eg. Citrate
3. 10-30% to specific calcium-binding macromolecules to prevent
precipitation:
- histidine-rich proteins (HRPs)
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