NUR 370 Exam 2 Questions and
Complete Solutions
What is a macule? ✅a flat lesion that differs in color from surrounding skin (<1 cm in
diameter)
similar to a freckle
What is a papule? ✅a small, raised, solid pimple or swelling, often forming part of a
rash on the skin and typically inflamed but not producing pus.
What is urticaria? ✅commonly referred to as "hives"; a kind of skin rash notable for
pale red, raised, itchy bumps
What is a pustule? ✅A pus-filled vesicle or bulla ex. acne or impetigo
What is a bulla? ✅Large blister containing watery fluid
What is a vesicle? ✅a fluid- or air-filled cavity or sac
skin vesicle (... VEH-sih-kul) A fluid-filled sac in the outer layer of skin. It can be caused
by rubbing, heat, or diseases of the skin. Also called a small blister.
What are some common bacterial skin infections in children? ✅Most common are
impetigo contagiosa (staph), pyoderma (staph or strep), folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle
(staph aureus), cellulitis (strep, staph, Haemophilus influenzae), staphylococcal scalded
skin syndrome
MRSA
What are examples of fungal skin infections in children? ✅Candidiasis
Tinea
Tinea capitis
Tinea corporis
Tinea pedis
Tinea cruris
Tinea unguium
What are some examples of viral infections in children? ✅Verruca (warts), herpes
simplex type I or type II, varicella zoster (shingles)
What is Pediculosis Capitis? ✅Head Lice
Common parasite, especially among school-age children
Adult female lays eggs at junction of hair shaft and close to the skin (nits) - hatch in 7-10
days.
,Itching usually the only symptom
May be anywhere on the scalp, but most common areas are occipital area, behind the
ears, and the nape of the neck
What is the treatment for pediculosis capitis? ✅Treatment - pediculocides and manual
removal of nit cases
Some school systems still have "no nit" policies: students are not permitted to return to
school after pediculocide treatment as long as it is still possible to find any nit cases.
These policies have been found to be ineffective as a preventive strategy and result in
unnecessary school absence.
Who can get head lice? ✅Anyone can get head lice - regardless of age,
socioeconomic status, or cleanliness
Lice do not jump or fly, they crawl. Can be transmitted on personal items
Inspect head of any child who is scratching more than usual
Caution children against sharing combs, hair ornaments, hats, coats - including things
like putting on hats in a Children's Museum exhibit!
What is Scabies? ✅Infestation with sarcoptes scabiei
Impregnated female burrows in to the stratum corneum to deposit eggs and feces -
inflammatory response and itching occur after host sensitized, approximately 30-60
days following initial contact
If previously sensitized, inflammatory response occurs within 48 hrs after exposure
What are the clinical manifestations of Scabies? ✅Pruritus - severe itching
Erythematous, papular rash - red, A papule is an area of abnormal skin tissue that is
less than 1 centimeter around
Minute gray-brown threadlike tracks with black dot at the end of the burrow
How do you treat scabies? ✅Treat with scabicides such as permethrin 5% cream
(Elimite) and lindane. Permethrin preferred because it is safer than lindane, avoids
neurotoxicity, and is more effective
Emphasize importance of following directions exactly
Treat all family members and others who have close contact with the child
Families need to be informed that even though the mites will be killed, the rash and
itching will persist for 2-3 weeks
Can also treat with an oral med, ivermectin
May need topical ointments or lotions to relieve itching and antibiotics to treat secondary
infection
What is atopic dermatitis? ✅Type of pruritic eczema that usually begins during infancy
and is associated with allergy with a hereditary tendency
Three types
Infantile eczema - usually begins at 2-6 months, generally undergoes spontaneous
remission by 3 yoa
Childhood - may follow infantile form - occurs at 2-3 yoa
, Preadolescent and adolescent - begins at about 12 yoa, may continue into early
adulthood or indefinitely
What are the clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis? ✅Intense itching
Infantile form
Generalized, especially on cheeks, scalp, trunk, and exterior surfaces of extremities
Erythema, vesicles, papules, weeping, oozing, crusting, scaling - often symmetric
Childhood form
Flexure areas, wrists, ankles, and feet
Symmetric involvement
May develop plaques, lichenification
How do you manage atopic dermatitis? ✅Therapeutic management
Avoid exposure to skin irritants
Avoid overheating
Improve skin hydration
Antihistamines, topical steroids, and occasionally mild sedatives
Family support - can be extremely stressful to deal with
Prognosis - some will continue to have chronic AD into adulthood, but about 90% of
affected children will outgrow AD by adolescence
What causes diaper dermatitis? ✅Caused by prolonged and repetitive contact with an
irritant - urine, feces, soaps, detergents, ointments, friction. Infant may be sensitive to
chemicals in disposable wipes, to disposable diapers, or to detergents from
inadequately rinsed cloth diapers
What is seborrheic dermatitis? ✅Chronic, recurrent, inflammatory reaction of the skin
Most common form is "cradle cap"
Cause unknown, but more common in early infancy when sebum production is
increased
Characteristic lesions are thick, adherent, yellowish, scaly, oily patches - may or may
not be pruritic
Prevention by adequate scalp hygiene - teach parents to shampoo infants
When lesions present, treatment = removing crusts. Apply shampoo to scalp and allow
to remain on until crust softened, then rinse. Remove with fine-toothed comb or soft
brush
What is Acne? ✅the occurrence of inflamed or infected sebaceous glands in the skin;
in particular, a condition characterized by red pimples on the face, prevalent chiefly
among teenagers.
Self-limiting and not life-threatening, but still very significant from the adolescent's
perspective
