What is the difference between the factors responsible for fluid and electrolyte imbalances for adults and children? In children, a larger part of their total body weight is made up of fluid. Also, a larger part of their fluid is in the ECF.
What is insensible fluid loss? Loss of fluid through the...
NUR 370 Exam 2 Practice Questions and
Solutions
What is the difference between the factors responsible for fluid and electrolyte
imbalances for adults and children? ✅In children, a larger part of their total body
weight is made up of fluid. Also, a larger part of their fluid is in the ECF.
What is insensible fluid loss? ✅Loss of fluid through the skin (2/3) and the respiratory
tract (1/3)
Influenced by heat and humidity, body temp, and RR
What causes hyponatremia and what are its symptoms? ✅It's associated with
increased GI output (vomiting, diarrhea, etc), diuretics, sweating and renal disease.
S/S: headache, muscle weakness, abdominal cramps, lethargy, oliguria, and cerebral
edema
What causes hypernatremia and what are its symptoms? ✅It's associated with excess
intake or an increased water loss related to sodium loss (watery diarrhea).
S/S: edema, flushed skin, dry mucous membranes, elevated temp, intense thirst, **risk
for seizures
What causes hypokalemia and what are its symptoms? ✅It's associated with loss of GI
fluids or hydration with IV fluids that don't adequately replace body fluid losses.
S/S: lethargy, confusion, dizziness, arrhythmias, diarrhea, hypotension and EKG
chages
What causes hyperkalemia and what are its symptoms? ✅It's associated with tissue
necrosis, hemolysis, renal failure, or rapid infusion of IV potassium.
S/S: abdominal cramps, muscle weakness, arrhythmias, EKG changes, and potential
cardiac arrest.
What should you ALWAYS check is occurring before administering potassium?
✅Urinary output
What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) cause? ✅ADH causes renal tubules to
reabsorb water
What does Aldosterone hormone cause? ✅Aldosterone causes distal renal tubules to
reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium.
, What are the ABG values for kids? ✅pH: 7.37-7.49
PaCO2: 32-48
HCO3: 18-25
What causes respiratory acidosis? ✅Inadequate ventilation
CNS or neuromuscular issues
Pnumothorox
What causes respiratory alkalosis? ✅Hyperventilation
HF
Hepatic failure
Fever
What causes metabolic acidosis? ✅DKA
Diarrhea
Renal Failure
Shock
What causes metabolic alkalosis? ✅Vomiting
Prolonged NG suction
Hypokalemia
Diuretics
What happens during isotonic dehydration? ✅- Loss of electrolytes and loss of water
are approximately equal
- Sodium remain within normal limits
- Increased heart rate that becomes thready and weak
- Increased BP
What happens during hypotonic dehydration? ✅- Sodium loss exceeds water loss,
causing the serum to be hypotonic, fluid shifts from ECF to ICF
What happens during hypertonic dehydration? ✅- Water exceeds electrolyte loss
- Neurologic dysfunction, altered LOC and the inability to concentrate manifest
How do you manage dehydration? ✅Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance (20 mL/kg
of NS)
ORT for rehydration (less expensive and easier to administer)
What is the protocol is someone is vomiting? ✅- NPO for the first 2 hours
- Small amounts of fluid every 10 mins for an hour
- Keep increasing amount as tolerated
What is edema? ✅- Localized or generalized swelling that is dependent on the activity
(walking- ankles; bed rest- sacral area and back)
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