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NR507 Final questions for the exam with correct answers
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NR507 Final questions for the exam with correct answers
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NR507 Final questions for the exam withcorrect answers
aleolar ventilation perfusion - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ The volume of gas expired from alveoli to
the outside of the body permanent
pityriasis rosea - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at
any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus
pityriasis rosea observation - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ The rash often begins with a single, round
or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from
2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9 in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-
colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches on the abdomen, chest, back,
arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
pityriasis rosea diagnosis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by
looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald patch is visible, because the
condition is often mistaken for ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is
generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to make sure the
rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be taken from the infected area and
examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active person, a test
for syphilis is often done.
pityriasis rosea treatment - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ There is no treatment necessary. It will last
for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and
reduce the rash
,Innate immunity - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance.
In outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is relatively resistant
to most environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms. If the
barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit
the extent of the damage, protect against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
Adaptive immunity - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Inflammation associated with infection usually
initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting
microorganism, Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly
targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing microorganism. The
information presented in this chapter introduces
Inflammatory response - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Innate immunity includes two lines of
defense: natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural barriers are physical, mechanical,
and biochemical barriers at the body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by
substances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface
barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the inflammatory response, is activated to protect
the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The
inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively
nonspecific, with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
Overview of human defenses - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive immunity
Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate against secondary
exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial
cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No
memory involved Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies,
complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes),
cells and secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and
, ciliary activity Protection includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells,
neutrophils, macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
Inflammatory response upon injury - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory
response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with
similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
Types of anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Normochromic, normocytic anemia
hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔
Anemias of chronic disease
hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs)
anemia of acute hemorrhage
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from the marrow)
Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low MCHC, below MCV) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Iron
deficiency anemia
thalassemias
anemia of chronic diseases
Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal MCHC, high MCV) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔
Vitamin B12 deficiency
folate deficiency
Heartburn - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ . Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain
or discomfort that can move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. The
pain can also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart.
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