Summary A* condsened notes for memory (A-Level AQA psychology)
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Course
Memory
Institution
AQA
Condensed notes covering all of the AQA specification for memory- a topic in paper 1 A-Level psychology. I have recently received an A* and found these notes very helpful.
CODING Format in which Baddeley- STM->
info is stored in acoustically Acoustically
memory stores similar/dissimilar
LTM->
, semantically
Semantically
similar/dissimilar
CAPACITY How much info Jacobs digit STM-> 7 plus
can be stored in span- mean minus 2
memory stored letters was 7.3,
LTM-> Unlimited
mean digit was
9.3.
Miller- Chunking
(STM can be
improved using
chunking)
DURATION How long info Peterson & STM- 18 seconds
can be held in Peterson (STM)-
LTM- up to a
memory stores constant syllable
lifetime
and a 3-digit
number to count
backwards from.
Bharick (LTM)-
yearbook study-
photo
recognition after
45 years was
70% accurate.
AO3:
Coding-> artificial stimuli, provides support there is 2 memory stores.
Capacity-> research to suggest Jacobs overestimated the capacity of STM.
Duration-> Peterson & Peterson used artificial stimuli (lacks external
validity), Bharick study has good external validity.
MULTISTORE MODEL OF MEMORY:
, Sensory register-> (attention) -> STM -> (rehearsal) -> LTM (retrieval back
to STM)
· Sensory register-> receives info about the environment from our 5
senses, coding= depends on the sense, capacity= very high, duration=
milliseconds
· STM-> coding= acoustically, duration= 18 secs, capacity= 7 plus
minus 2
· LTM-> coding= semantically, duration= up to a lifetime, capacity=
unlimited
AO3: research support from Baddeley (separate stores), doesn’t consider
types of LTM (states it a unitary store).
TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY:
· Procedural-> knowledge of how to do things. Does not require
conscious recall.
· Semantic-> knowledge of the world. Requires deliberate recall, not
time stamped.
· Episodic-> knowledge of personal events. Time-stamped, requires
conscious recall.
AO3: Research support (HM & Wearing (brain damage)-> episodic memory
was impaired but semantic and procedural was unaffected-> clinical
evidence), real world application (psychologists can target certain types of
memory in order to improve lives-> E.M worsens with age, so intervention
was developed to improve it.
WORKING MEMORY MODEL:
· Central executive-> Monitors all incoming data and allocates tasks to
subsystems. Coding- flexible, capacity- limited.
· Viso-spatial sketchpad-> Stores visual and spatial information.
Coding- visual and spatial, capacity- 3-4 objects.
· Phonological loop-> Deals with auditory info, subdivided into:
phonological store (stores the words you hear), articulatory process
(allows for maintenance rehearsal).
· Episodic buffer-> Stores episodes which are happening. Links the
WMM to the LTM. Coding- flexible, capacity- 4 chunks.
AO3: Lack of clarity over the C.E, dual task performance support (provides
support for separate visual and verbal stores), patient KF support (visual
info was unaffected but verbal was affected)
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