NUR 412 Nursing Concepts for Pediatric
Patients Exam 2 Questions and Answers
In which of the following conditions is the fluid requirement for children decreased?
A. Burns
B. Fever
C. Vomiting
D. Increased intracranial pressure ✅D. Increased intracranial pressure
What type of dehydration is defined as "dehydration that occurs in conditions in which
electrolyte and water deficits are present in approximately balanced proportion"?
A. Isotonic dehydration
B. Hypotonic dehydration
C. Hypertonic dehydration
D. All types of dehydration in infants and small children ✅A. Isotonic dehydration
Rapid replacement of fluid is essential in the treatment of which of the following types of
dehydration?
A. Isotonic, osmotic
B. Hypotonic, isotonic
C. Osmotic, hypertonic
D. Hypertonic, hypotonic ✅B. Hypotonic, isotonic
Depression of the central nervous system, manifested by lethargy, delirium, stupor, and
coma, is observed in which of the following?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis ✅C. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis
The nurse is assessing an infant brought to the clinic with diarrhea. He is lethargic and
has dry mucous membranes. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as an
early sign of dehydration?
A. Tachycardia
B. Bulging, tense fontanel
C. Decreased blood pressure
D. Capillary refill of less than 3 seconds ✅A. Tachycardia
When caring for a child with an intravenous infusion, the nurse should do which of the
following?
A. Change the insertion site every 24 hours.
B. Use a macrodropper to facilitate the prescribed flow rate.
C. Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.
,D. Avoid restraining the child to prevent undue emotional stress. ✅C. Observe the
insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.
Which of the following is a major complication of total parenteral nutrition in children?
A. Anemia
B. Asthma
C. Liver disease
D. Renal impairment ✅C. Liver disease
What type of dehydration is defined as "dehydration that occurs in conditions in which
the electrolyte deficit exceeds the water deficit?"
A. Isotonic dehydration
B. Hypotonic dehydration
C. Hypertonic dehydration
D. All types of dehydration in infants and small children ✅B. Hypotonic dehydration
What type of dehydration is defined as "dehydration that occurs in conditions in which
water loss is in excess of electrolyte loss and is usually caused by a proportionately
larger loss of water or a larger intake of electrolytes?"
A. Isotonic dehydration
B. Hypotonic dehydration
C. Hypertonic dehydration
D. All types of dehydration in infants and small children ✅C. Hypertonic dehydration
Which of the following urine tests of renal function is used to estimate glomerular
filtration?
A. pH
B. Creatinine
C. Osmolality
D. Protein level ✅B. Creatinine
Which of the following factors predisposes the urinary tract to infection?
A. Increased fluid intake
B. Short urethra in girls
C. Ingestion of highly acidic juices
D. Frequent emptying of the bladder ✅B. Short urethra in girls
A young child is diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux. The nurse should know that this
usually results in:
A. Incontinence.
B. Urinary obstruction.
C. Recurrent urinary tract infections.
D. Infarction of renal vessels. ✅C. Recurrent urinary tract infections.
,Which of the following best describes the cause of most cases of acute
glomerulonephritis?
A. Renal vascular anomalies
B. Antecedent streptococcal infection
C. Results from a urinary tract infection
D. Structural anomalies of genitourinary tract ✅B. Antecedent streptococcal infection
In acute glomerulonephritis, the nurse is aware that an early warning sign of
encephalopathy is which of the following?
A. Seizures
B. Psychosis
C. Dizziness
D. Transient loss of vision ✅C. Dizziness
The clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include which of the following?
A. Hematuria, bacteriuria, weight gain
B. Gross hematuria, albuminuria, fever
C. Hypertension, weight loss, proteinuria
D. Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema ✅D. Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema
Therapeutic management of nephrotic syndrome includes which of the following?
A. Corticosteroids
B. Long-term diuretics
C. Antihypertensive agents
D. Fluid and salt restrictions ✅A. Corticosteroids
Which of the following is the primary clinical manifestation of acute renal failure?
A. Oliguria
B. Hematuria
C. Proteinuria
D. Bacteriuria ✅A. Oliguria
Which of the following helps nurses understand how the respiratory tract in children is
different from that in adults?
A. Infants rely almost entirely on diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing.
B. Smooth muscle development in the airways increases until about age 12 years.
C. The configuration of the chest at birth is not as round as it becomes by adulthood.
D. With age there is a decrease in both number of alveoli and branching of terminal
bronchioles. ✅A. Infants rely almost entirely on diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing.
Which of the following is a measure of chest wall and lung distensibility?
A. Resistance
B. Ventilation
C. Compliance
D. Alveolar surface tension ✅C. Compliance
, Which of the following blood oxygenation tests is the photometric measurement of
oxygen saturation?
A. Oximetry
B. Capnography
C. Arterial puncture
D. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring ✅A. Oximetry
Nursing considerations related to the administration of oxygen in an infant include which
of the following?
A. Discontinue during feedings so child can be held.
B. Assess infant to determine how much oxygen should be given.
C. Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration.
D. Direct oxygen flow so that it blows directly into the infant's face in a hood. ✅C.
Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration.
The nurse is teaching a mother how to perform chest physiotherapy and postural
drainage on her 3-year-old child, who has cystic fibrosis. To perform percussion, the
nurse should instruct her to:
A. Strike the chest wall with a flat-hand position.
B. Percuss before and after positioning for postural drainage.
C. Percuss over the entire trunk anteriorly and posteriorly.
D. Cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing. ✅D. Cover the skin with a
shirt or gown before percussing.
The nurse is caring for an infant with a tracheostomy when accidental decannulation
occurs. The nurse is unable to reinsert the tube. Which of the following should be the
nurse's next action?
A. Notify surgeon.
B. Perform oral intubation.
C. Try inserting larger tube.
D. Try inserting smaller tube. ✅D. Try inserting smaller tube.
A child is developing respiratory failure. Signs that the hypoxia is becoming severe
include:
A. Tachypnea.
B. Tachycardia.
C. Somnolence.
D. Restlessness. ✅C. Somnolence.
An immediate intervention when an infant chokes on a piece of food would be to do
which of the following?
A. Administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
B. Open infant's mouth and perform blind finger sweep.
C. Have infant lie quietly while a call is placed for emergency help.
Patients Exam 2 Questions and Answers
In which of the following conditions is the fluid requirement for children decreased?
A. Burns
B. Fever
C. Vomiting
D. Increased intracranial pressure ✅D. Increased intracranial pressure
What type of dehydration is defined as "dehydration that occurs in conditions in which
electrolyte and water deficits are present in approximately balanced proportion"?
A. Isotonic dehydration
B. Hypotonic dehydration
C. Hypertonic dehydration
D. All types of dehydration in infants and small children ✅A. Isotonic dehydration
Rapid replacement of fluid is essential in the treatment of which of the following types of
dehydration?
A. Isotonic, osmotic
B. Hypotonic, isotonic
C. Osmotic, hypertonic
D. Hypertonic, hypotonic ✅B. Hypotonic, isotonic
Depression of the central nervous system, manifested by lethargy, delirium, stupor, and
coma, is observed in which of the following?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis ✅C. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis
The nurse is assessing an infant brought to the clinic with diarrhea. He is lethargic and
has dry mucous membranes. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as an
early sign of dehydration?
A. Tachycardia
B. Bulging, tense fontanel
C. Decreased blood pressure
D. Capillary refill of less than 3 seconds ✅A. Tachycardia
When caring for a child with an intravenous infusion, the nurse should do which of the
following?
A. Change the insertion site every 24 hours.
B. Use a macrodropper to facilitate the prescribed flow rate.
C. Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.
,D. Avoid restraining the child to prevent undue emotional stress. ✅C. Observe the
insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.
Which of the following is a major complication of total parenteral nutrition in children?
A. Anemia
B. Asthma
C. Liver disease
D. Renal impairment ✅C. Liver disease
What type of dehydration is defined as "dehydration that occurs in conditions in which
the electrolyte deficit exceeds the water deficit?"
A. Isotonic dehydration
B. Hypotonic dehydration
C. Hypertonic dehydration
D. All types of dehydration in infants and small children ✅B. Hypotonic dehydration
What type of dehydration is defined as "dehydration that occurs in conditions in which
water loss is in excess of electrolyte loss and is usually caused by a proportionately
larger loss of water or a larger intake of electrolytes?"
A. Isotonic dehydration
B. Hypotonic dehydration
C. Hypertonic dehydration
D. All types of dehydration in infants and small children ✅C. Hypertonic dehydration
Which of the following urine tests of renal function is used to estimate glomerular
filtration?
A. pH
B. Creatinine
C. Osmolality
D. Protein level ✅B. Creatinine
Which of the following factors predisposes the urinary tract to infection?
A. Increased fluid intake
B. Short urethra in girls
C. Ingestion of highly acidic juices
D. Frequent emptying of the bladder ✅B. Short urethra in girls
A young child is diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux. The nurse should know that this
usually results in:
A. Incontinence.
B. Urinary obstruction.
C. Recurrent urinary tract infections.
D. Infarction of renal vessels. ✅C. Recurrent urinary tract infections.
,Which of the following best describes the cause of most cases of acute
glomerulonephritis?
A. Renal vascular anomalies
B. Antecedent streptococcal infection
C. Results from a urinary tract infection
D. Structural anomalies of genitourinary tract ✅B. Antecedent streptococcal infection
In acute glomerulonephritis, the nurse is aware that an early warning sign of
encephalopathy is which of the following?
A. Seizures
B. Psychosis
C. Dizziness
D. Transient loss of vision ✅C. Dizziness
The clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include which of the following?
A. Hematuria, bacteriuria, weight gain
B. Gross hematuria, albuminuria, fever
C. Hypertension, weight loss, proteinuria
D. Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema ✅D. Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema
Therapeutic management of nephrotic syndrome includes which of the following?
A. Corticosteroids
B. Long-term diuretics
C. Antihypertensive agents
D. Fluid and salt restrictions ✅A. Corticosteroids
Which of the following is the primary clinical manifestation of acute renal failure?
A. Oliguria
B. Hematuria
C. Proteinuria
D. Bacteriuria ✅A. Oliguria
Which of the following helps nurses understand how the respiratory tract in children is
different from that in adults?
A. Infants rely almost entirely on diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing.
B. Smooth muscle development in the airways increases until about age 12 years.
C. The configuration of the chest at birth is not as round as it becomes by adulthood.
D. With age there is a decrease in both number of alveoli and branching of terminal
bronchioles. ✅A. Infants rely almost entirely on diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing.
Which of the following is a measure of chest wall and lung distensibility?
A. Resistance
B. Ventilation
C. Compliance
D. Alveolar surface tension ✅C. Compliance
, Which of the following blood oxygenation tests is the photometric measurement of
oxygen saturation?
A. Oximetry
B. Capnography
C. Arterial puncture
D. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring ✅A. Oximetry
Nursing considerations related to the administration of oxygen in an infant include which
of the following?
A. Discontinue during feedings so child can be held.
B. Assess infant to determine how much oxygen should be given.
C. Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration.
D. Direct oxygen flow so that it blows directly into the infant's face in a hood. ✅C.
Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration.
The nurse is teaching a mother how to perform chest physiotherapy and postural
drainage on her 3-year-old child, who has cystic fibrosis. To perform percussion, the
nurse should instruct her to:
A. Strike the chest wall with a flat-hand position.
B. Percuss before and after positioning for postural drainage.
C. Percuss over the entire trunk anteriorly and posteriorly.
D. Cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing. ✅D. Cover the skin with a
shirt or gown before percussing.
The nurse is caring for an infant with a tracheostomy when accidental decannulation
occurs. The nurse is unable to reinsert the tube. Which of the following should be the
nurse's next action?
A. Notify surgeon.
B. Perform oral intubation.
C. Try inserting larger tube.
D. Try inserting smaller tube. ✅D. Try inserting smaller tube.
A child is developing respiratory failure. Signs that the hypoxia is becoming severe
include:
A. Tachypnea.
B. Tachycardia.
C. Somnolence.
D. Restlessness. ✅C. Somnolence.
An immediate intervention when an infant chokes on a piece of food would be to do
which of the following?
A. Administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
B. Open infant's mouth and perform blind finger sweep.
C. Have infant lie quietly while a call is placed for emergency help.
