Mechanical Forces: Shear - Answer parallel to a plane passing through an object
- acl
Mechanical Forces: Bending - Answer force along the horizontal beam
Mechanical Forces: Torsion - Answer torque along the long axis of a
structure - arm wrestling
,Mechanical Forces: Body Limits - Answer - estimates of vertebral bodies in the human
cervical spine have a critical force limit of 340-455 kilograms (~750-1000lbs).
-- research simulating a typical tackle have estimated that compressive forces acting on
the cervical spine can exceed these limits
- tendons can withstand stresses ranging from 8,700 to 18,00 pounds per square inch. --
running and jumping may generate forces in excess of these physiological limits
Mechanical Forces: Tendons - Answer - designed to resist tensile forces
- less effective when subjected to shear forces and are poorly designed to handle
compressive forces
Mechanical Forces: Bone - Answer - designed to absorb compressive forces
- less effective against tensile, shear, torsion, and bending forces
*Critical Force* - Answer - each tissue type has a limit to how much force it can withstand
- this limit has been referred to as the critical force
- the critical force value varies for each type of tissue in the body
-- factors such as age, temperature, skeletal maturity, and sex can affect the
mechanical properties of the tissue
3) altitude - acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude
cerebral edemaI
4) weather - lightning, hail
5) facilities / playing surface - holes, debris
Pathophysiology - Answer - tissue response to injury
, - soft tissue healing
- bone healing
Understanding the Healing Process - Answer - minimize exacerbation of injury
- select appropriate treatment options
- facilitate return to activity
- physiological process:
-- removal of damaged tissue and debris
-- provide nutrients and materials for repair
-- maturation of new tissue
Inflammation - Answer - purpose:
-- limit extent of injury
-- remove damaged tissue
-- initiate tissue repair
- phases:
-- *acute:* when injury first occurs
-- *repair (fibroblastic):* done w/ inflammation
-- *maturation:* becoming normal again
Signs of Inflammation - Answer - redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
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