RHSC 420 – Final Exam Practice Questions and Answers
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Course
RHSC 420/421
Institution
RHSC 420/421
RHSC 420 – Final Exam Practice
Questions and Answers
What are the main functions of the vestibular system? - Answer️️ --
provide us with our sense of balance and head position
What are the peripheral vestibular organs? - Answer️️ -- semicircular
canals
- otolith organs
What is the ...
Describe how kinocilium and stereocilia work together to general a
membrane potential. - Answer✔️✔️-- get bend by movement of cupula
during angular acceleration
- bending causes change in membrane potential of hair cells, which
synapse on primary vestibular neurons
- mechanosensitive ion channels in stereocilia (movement of stereocilia
cause change in Vm)
Describe the movement of stereocilia in relation to the kinocilum to result
in depolarization or hyperpolarization. - Answer✔️✔️-1) depolarization -
stereocilia move towards kinocilium
2) hyperpolarization - stereocilia move away from kinocilium
3) resting - no movement of stereocilia
What are the two otolith organs? - Answer✔️✔️-1) utricle - horizontal with
respect to head
2) saccule - vertical with respect to head
What are the main functions of the otolith organs? - Answer✔️✔️-- respond
to head position and linear acceleration
Describe the otolith organs. - Answer✔️✔️-- contain hair cells
- otolithic membrane (contains CaCO3) sits on top of hair cells
Describe how head position information is transmitted. - Answer✔️✔️--
when head position changes, membrane bends top of the hair cells
- same as in cupula with kinocilium and stereocilia
Describe the central connections of the vestibular system. - Answer✔️✔️-
primary vestibular neurons (bipolar neurons) have dendrites innervating
hair cells, CB in vestibular ganglion axon going to CNS (form vestibular
nerve)
- vestibular nerve joins to cochlear division => vestibulocochlear nerve
- vestibulocochlear nerve enters brainstem at pontomedullary sulcus;
synapse in vestibular nuclear complex
- some axons bypass vestibular nuclear complex and go straight to CE via
inferior cerebellar peduncles
What are the nuclei of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC)? -
Answer✔️✔️-1) interior vestibular nucleus
2) lateral vestibular nucleus
3) superior vestibular nucleus
4) medial vestibular nucleus
What are the inputs to the VNC? - Answer✔️✔️-1) primary vestibular
neurons
2) projections from flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum
3) projections from spinal cord carrying info about posture and body
orientation; these arrive directly as spinovestibular fibres traveling with
posterior spinocerebellar tract, or indirectly via CE or RF
4) projections from contralateral vestibular nuclei
Where do the outputs from the VPN? - Answer✔️✔️-- Cerebellum
- spinal cord (lateral/medial vestibulospinal)
- thalamus and then to parietal lobe of cortex, leading to conscious
awareness of equilibrium and spatial orientation
- cranial motor nuclei of extraocular muscles (CN III, IV, VI) via MLF
- RF including centre controlling vomiting
- contralateral vestibular nuclei
What is the function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract and how does it
project on the spinal cord? - Answer✔️✔️-- projects to all levels of ipsilateral
spinal cord
- leads to postural changes in response to body tilt
What is the function of the medial vestibulospinal tract and how does it
project on the spinal cord? - Answer✔️✔️-- projects bilaterally to cervical
spinal cord
- responsible for postural changes of neck muscles
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