Janeway's Immunobiology Chapter 1: Basic
Concepts in Immunology Exam Questions
And Correct Answers
Acquired immune response - answer✔✔The response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to
antigen, including the development of immunological memory. Adaptive immune responses are
distinct from the innate and nonadaptive phases of immunity, which are not mediated by clonal
selection of antigen-specific lymphocytes.
adaptive immunity - answer✔✔Immunity to infection conferred by an adaptive immune
response.
adenoids - answer✔✔Paired mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues located in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant - answer✔✔Any substance that enhances the immune response to an antigen with
which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels - answer✔✔Vessels of the lymphatic system that drain extracellular
fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and dendritic cells from sites of infection
to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid organs.
affinity maturation - answer✔✔The increase in affinity for their specific antigen of the
antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This phenomenon is
particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
antibody - answer✔✔Each antibody molecule has a unique structure that enables it to bind
specifically to its corresponding antigen, but all antibodies have the same overall structure and
are known collectively as immunoglobulins. Antibodies are produced by differentiated B cells
(plasma cells) in response to infection or immunization, and bind to and neutralize pathogens or
prepare them for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Are a protein.
antigen - answer✔✔Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or generate peptide
fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site - answer✔✔The site at the tip of each arm of an antibody that makes
physical contact with the antigen and binds it noncovalently. The antigen specificity of the site is
determined by its shape and the amino acids present.
antigenetic determinant - answer✔✔That portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by the
antigen-binding site of a given antibody or antigen receptor; it is also known as an epitope.
antigen-presenting cells - answer✔✔(APC's) Highly specialized cells that can process antigens
and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together with other, co-stimulatory,
proteins required for activating naive T cells. The main antigen-presenting cells for naive T cells
are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
antigen receptor - answer✔✔The cell-surface receptor by which lymphocytes recognize antigen.
Each individual lymphocyte bears receptors of a single antigen specificity.
apoptosis - answer✔✔A form of cell death common in the immune system, in which the cell
activates an internal death program. It is characterized by nuclear DNA degradation, nuclear
degeneration and condensation, and the rapid phagocytosis of cell remains. Proliferating
lymphocytes experience high rates of apoptosis during their development and during immune
responses.
allergy - answer✔✔The state in which a symptomatic immune reaction is made to a normally
innocuous environmental antigen. It involves the interaction between the antigen and antibody or
primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen.
antigen:antibody complexes - answer✔✔Noncovalently associated groups of antibody molecules
bound to their specific antigen.
appendix - answer✔✔A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the beginning of the colon.
autograft - answer✔✔A graft of tissue from one site to another on the same individual.
autoimmune disease - answer✔✔Disease in which the pathology is caused by adaptive immune
responses to self antigens.
bacteria - answer✔✔A vast kingdom of unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms.
B lymphocyte - answer✔✔Antigen-specific lymphocyte.The function of B cells is to produce
antibodies. Two classes: Conventional B cells have highly diverse antigen receptors and are
generated in the bone marrow throughout life, emerging to populate the blood and lymphoid
tissues. B-1 cells have much less diverse antigen receptors and form a population of self-
renewing B cells in the peritoneal and pleural cavities.
B-cell corona - answer✔✔The zone of the white pulp in the spleen that is primarily made up of
B cells.
bone marrow - answer✔✔The tissue where all the cellular elements of the blood— red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets— are initially generated from hematopoietic stem cells.
The bone marrow is also the site of further B-cell development in mammals and the source of
stem cells that give rise to T cells on migration to the thymus. Thus, bone marrow transplantation
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