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Comd 5070 Exam 3 Graded A+
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Comd 5070 Exam 3 Graded A+
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Comd 5070 Exam 3 Graded A+(auditory) feedback in speaking - ANSWER--*can we speak without it? *
-numerous sensory receptors in the vocal tract
-but speech events are rapid, sometimes brief
-ongoing monitoring is too slow
- ongoing closed loop feedback isn't possible for the rapid production of syllables &
phonemes
-feedback essential for learning
-also important for quality control
e.g. adventitious deafness
*How does it help?*
*infants* - very important to learn association between movements & the sounds that
result from those movements
*adults* = feedback is used to maintain the quality of what we are doing & not
necessary for movement to movement monitoring of what we do
3D spectrogram - ANSWER-*how high does frequency display go relative to sample
rate?*
- the sample needs to be *twice the frequency of the highest component* (double the
sample rate)
- maybe give it a little bit more safety margin even beyond that.
*features*
1. time going from left to right on the x-axis
2. frequency y-axis
3. intensity reflected in a darker shade (stronger amplitude) and lighter shade (weaker
amplitude)
acoustic features of stressed words - ANSWER-- to emphasise a syllable or word you
*increase* its *intensity* which * increases* the *fundamental frequency* & *stretch it by
increasing duration*
- theres *prosodic contrast* throughout an utterance
- *rising* & *falling* patterns of *stress* across syllables & words throughout an
utterance
- stress is *driven by* the *respiratory system* (more air pressure from the lungs ,
increases intensity & fundamental frequency at the same time)
- duration is a combination of all
acoustic goal (target) - ANSWER-- specifics of movement control are less important
than the acoustic/ perceptual result
- the sound that comes out of the mouth & the pathway we take to getting that sound
doesnt matter as much as the result, that its perceptibly acceptable to a listener for
comprehension
,- motor equivalence = allows flexibility, more than one way to achieve the goal
ex: bite blocks
adding decibels - ANSWER-*how many dB increases for 2 identical sounds?*
- 6dB increase for 2 identical sounds
1. add pressure
2. compute the dB
ex: 100,000pascal came out to 74dB-because it was 2 cars it would be 200,000 (added
the pressures together)
-the reference number is 20 so, 200,00/20 = 10,000
-then do the log 20x lot (10,000) = 74dB
- because the dB were the same in the beginning it would be 74 + 74 so we dd 6dB so
the answer is 80dB
- using raw uPa would be awkward, thats why we convert to dB
* double sound pressure* add 6dB*
ex: If you add a 50 dB sound to a 50 dB sound, the combined intensity would be = 56dB
aerodynamic target - ANSWER-speech sounds involve regulating pressure & flow
- pressure stability relies on correct valving
- accurately managing pressure in the vocal tract
- needs the right pressure, flow at the right time & context to produce speech accurately
-the valves available determine the ability to maintain pressure accurately
1. the larynx - abduct, adduct
2. uvular fringe - open/close
3. constrictions made with the tongue or lips
affective prosody (emotional prosody) - ANSWER-- emotional prosody
- expression of anger, happiness, surprise in a persons voice
- voice is extremely expressive of a persons emotional state
" don't talk to me in that tone of voice!
aliasing - ANSWER-- one sound is misrepresented as another
• sampling too slowly will inaccurately record the original signal
• you'll miss what happens between samples
• high original frequencies will be improperly recorded as lower frequencies (different
frequency)
• one is the 'alias' of the other
• filtering before digitizing prevents this
• set filter to Nyquist frequency
Anti-aliasing - ANSWER-• filtering before digitizing prevents aliasing (taking on different
frequencies)
• set filter to Nyquist frequency
• frequencies above this deleted• they cannot contaminate recording
• most modern recording systems do the filtering for you automatically
, -low pass filtering the signal any info above the nyguist frequency is lost, but thats okay
because its of low importance and wont mess up the recording
articulatory gesture (target) - ANSWER-- vocal tract configurations correspond to
sounds (Emphasizes specific movements of the vocal tract during speech production.)
- movement patters stored for retrieval & use
- movements of vocal tract are the goal
- movements are accurately produced (The goals is accurate production of the vocal
tract movements (tongue, lip, jaw).
-Each motion is stored in the brain for retrieval and future use in speech.
-These stored gestures contribute to forming speech sounds and patterns.
articulatory undershoot - ANSWER-articulators don't necessarily meet the targets we
would predict them to meet
- speaking more naturally -> smaller articulatory movements
- "cutting corners" - what happens when rapid speech occurs.
1. example : vowel production, the tongue may not move as far as expected to when
produced in isolation
- It's common for the articulatory configuration particularly for the corner vowels, /a/,
/i/, /u/, /ae/, to be undershot or not quite achieved when the person is producing normal
speech.
-We call this vowel neutralization because the position of the tongue is a little closer to
the neutral vowel /a/ in the middle of the vocal tract.
ex: An analogy would be someone skiing down a slalom run
aspiration - ANSWER-*where is the sound created*
- may follow a voiceless stop
- only seen in CV contexts
- vocal folds begin to adduct & as they are coming together the air between creates
turbulence
- moving air becomes turbulent at *glottis* which generates a noise
- this noise occurs at the glottis because the VF are not yet together and the air is
rushing through a narrow space
- *only seen in the context of a voiceless stop*
backward (retentive) - ANSWER-Later sound is influenced by earlier sound.
- ex: "no"
- "o" is somewhat nasalized because of the specification of the consonant "n"
band pass filter - ANSWER-allows a band of frequencies through
- holds back both higher and lower frequencies
band reject filter - ANSWER-holds back a band of frequencies
- allows both higher and lower frequencies
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