Fatty Acid Oxidation - answer✔✔-Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
-Linked to acetyl-CoA
-Conezymes used are FAD and NAD+
-2 ATP input makes lots of energy
Fatty Acid Synthesis - answer✔✔-Occurs in the cytosol
-Starting Materials: acetyl-coA and malonyl-CoA
-Coenzyme used is NADPH
-Requires a lot of energy
Ketogenesis - answer✔✔-During long term starvation
-Blood glucose is low
-Fatty acids oxidized increase levels of acetyl CoA
-Acetyl CoAs react together to form ketone bodies
-Ketone bodies enter the brain and are reconverted to acetyl-CoA (primary source of energy for
the brain during starvation)
Pyrimidines - answer✔✔-Cystosine
-Thymine
-Uracil
Pyramids are sharp so they "CUT" you
Purines - answer✔✔-Adenine
-Guanine
AG (silver) is "pure"
A-T Base Pairing - answer✔✔2 hydrogen bonds
G-C Base Pairing - answer✔✔3 hydrogen bonds
DNA Gyrase - answer✔✔Helps prevent supercoiling in prokaryotes
Heterochromatin - answer✔✔Inactive, tightly bound
Euchromatin - answer✔✔Active, loosely bound
Centromere - answer✔✔-Region on chromosome (in the middle)
-Mitotic spindle attaches here
-Holds replicated DNA together during mitosis
Central Dogma - answer✔✔DNA replication --> Transcription into RNA --> Translation into
proteins
Start Codon - answer✔✔-AUG = Methionine
Stop Codons - answer✔✔-UAA (you are annoying)
-UGA (you go away)
-UAG (you are gross)
Human Genome - answer✔✔-46 chromosomes
-23 chromosome pairs from each parent
Polymerase Errors - answer✔✔1.) Point mutations
2.) Small repeats
3.) Insertions/deletions (small, frameshift)
Endogenous Damage (Reactive Oxygen Species or Physical Damage) - answer✔✔1.) Oxidized
DNA
2.) Crosslinked bases
3.) Physical damage
4.) These can lead to polymerase errors
Exogenous Damage (Radiation or Chemicals) - answer✔✔1.) UV radiation = pyrimidine dimers
2.) X-rays = double-stranded breaks and translocation
3.) Chemicals = can lead to physical damage or to intercalation and those polymerase errors
Point Mutations - answer✔✔-Single base pair change
1.) Missense
2.) Nonsense
3.) Silent
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