1st law of thermodynamics - answer✔✔Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be
redistributed within a system or its surroundings.
Free energy - answer✔✔energy that is available to do work. It is defines at standard conditions
of concentration, P, T, and pH. the more (-), the more energy we have to do work (exergonic)
Standard reduction potential - answer✔✔The tendency of a species to be reduced. in ETC,
electrons flow from low to high reduction potential. (+) means you want to be reduced, you're a
good acceptor, prob O2
-The greater the difference between the E0of the donor andthe E0 of the acceptor, the
morenegative the G ́
Anaerobic vs aerobic respiration - answer✔✔Anaerobic electron potential between e donor and
acceptor is smaller jump, much less ATP is made. final e acceptor has a pretty low e acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration - answer✔✔Final electron acceptor is different exogenous acceptor such
as NO3, SO4, CO2, FE, SeO4
-organic acceptors may also be used
-Just glycolysis + fermentation
Fermentation - answer✔✔Uses endogenous electron acceptor.
-Usually intermediate of the pathway used to oxidize the organic E source. Ex: pyruvate
Does not involve ETC or PMF
-ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation
-NADH is oxidized to NAD+
Enzymes - answer✔✔Carry out rxns at physiological conditions
-speed up rate to reach equilibrium quicker
-high specificity
-Apoenzyme: protein component of enzyme
-Cofactor: non protein component
-prosthetic group: firmly
attached
-Coenzyme: loosely
attached, act as
carriers/shuttles
-Holoenzyme= apoenzyme + cofactor
Lyase - answer✔✔splits a chemical bond in the absence of water.
Cofactors - answer✔✔nonprotein enzyme helpers usually metal ions
prosthetic group - answer✔✔A non-protein, but organic, molecule (such as vitamin) that is
covalently bound to an enzyme as part of the active site.
competitive inhibition - answer✔✔substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with
the substrate for the active site
ex: sulfa drug
noncompetitive inhibitor - answer✔✔A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by
binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer
binds to the substrate.
Regulation of metabolism - answer✔✔mechanisms:
1. Metabolic channeling
2. Regulation of synthesis (transcriptional or translational)
3. Direct stimulation or inhibition of the activity of an enzyme (post translational)
Metabolic channeling - answer✔✔Differential localization of enzymes and metabolites
-compartmentation
Post-translational regulation of enzyme activity - answer✔✔2 important reversible control
measures:
1. allosteric regulation-by another molecule you affect protein activity
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