MICR2123 Final Test Questions with All Answers Revised & Updated
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Course
MICR2123
Institution
MICR2123
MICR2123 Final Test Questions with All Answers Revised & Updated
Define and describe homologous recombination - Answer-Incorporation of 1 DNA molecule into another
Define the role of the RecA protein in recombination - Answer-Scan along DNA molecules and finds regions of homology and then help...
MICR2123 Final Test Questions
with All Answers Revised &
Updated
Define and describe homologous recombination - Answer-Incorporation of 1 DNA
molecule into another
Define the role of the RecA protein in recombination - Answer-Scan along DNA
molecules and finds regions of homology and then help them come together and
exchange genetic information
Distinguish between generalized recombination and site-specific recombination -
Answer-- Generalized - requires that both DNA molecules share a lot of homology
- Site-specific - requires that both DNA molecules can be recognized by recombinase
enzyme
Briefly describe the importance of recombination in bioengineering - Answer-Needed to
be able to make desired DNA molecules
Define a mutation in DNA - Answer-alters sequence/length of DNA
point mutation - Answer-change in a single nucleotide base
- Transition - purine to purine, pyrimidine to pyrimidine
- Transversion - purine to pyrimidine, pyrimidine to purine
Insertion/Deletion - Answer-nucleotides
Inversion - Answer-segment of DNA is flipped relative to surrounding DNA
Reversion - Answer-mutant DNA sequence mutates back to original sequence
Silent mutation - Answer-changes codon but not amino acid sequence (no change)
Missense mutation - Answer-changes amino acid sequence (1 amino acid is substituted
for another)
,Nonsense mutation - Answer-changes a normal codon into a stop codon
Frameshift mutation - Answer-changes codon reading frame (insertion or deletions)
Define a knockout mutation - Answer-designed to eliminate the function of a protein
(either deletion or insertion)
Describe how UV light damages DNA - Answer-Causes formation of pyrimidine dimers
that blocks transcription and replication
Nucleotide excision - Answer-removes DNA damage induced by ultraviolet light (UV)
base excision repair - Answer-remove damaged bases
Methyl mismatch repair - Answer-fixes replication errors, will replace old template strand
with new one
Recombination repair - Answer-can replace a segment of DNA with a new one
Translesion bypass synthesis - Answer-- make new DNA from damaged template, error
prone method
Distinguish between error-proof and error-prone repair pathways - Answer-Error-proof -
preferred way as it restores the original sequence
Error-prone - "last resort" preferable only to death, as errors may be introduced
Describe the mechanism of methyl mismatch repair - Answer-Cell can compare 2
strands of DNA and if one of them mismatches it will be updated
Define a mutator strain - Answer-Strain that is lacking a DNA repair pathway.
Accumulate mutations
Describe the SOS response and its relationship to error-prone DNA repair - Answer-
Can fix DNA using error prone repair.
Describe the logic of having an error-prone DNA repair system if it can introduce
mutations - Answer-Better to mutate than die
Describe the utility of transposons as a way to screen for gene function - Answer-
Destroy function of genes in cells and see what problems occur
,Describe how GC content can be a way of identifying horizontal gene transfer events -
Answer-If there are places in the genome with fewer/more GC base pairs that is
evidence that it may have originated from somewhere else
Define catabolism - Answer-Breakdown of molecules to get energy
Define anabolism - Answer-Building up molecules (build biomass)
Heterotrophy - Answer-get energy from something else
Autotrophy - Answer-make compounds themselves (take CO2 from air and fix it)
Identify cellular energy intermediates (we discuss three) - Answer-ATP, Electron
carriers (NAD, NADP, and FAD) Proton motive force
Describe how energy intermediates can help drive unfavorable reactions in cells -
Answer-Couple favorable reaction to unfavorable reaction to drive unfavorable reaction
Identify three carbon sources for catabolism - Answer-Polysaccharides, Lipids, Amino
acids
List the inputs and outputs of glycolysis (EMP pathway)—which molecules and how
many of each? - Answer-- Inputs
- Glucose
- 2 ATP
- 2 NAD+ - Outputs
- 2Pyruvate
- 4 ATP
- 2 NADH + H+
Define the central dogma of molecular biology - Answer-- DNA (transcription) RNA
(Translation) Protein
Define a genome - Answer-all the genes in an organism
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - Answer-eukaryotes have a
nucleus and prokaryotes have no nucleus
Distinguish among bacteria, archaea, microscopic eukaryotes and viruses - Answer-
Archaea- resemble bacteria, but typically live in more extreme environments
, Microscopic eukaryotes- have nucleus
Viruses- junction between life and non-life (can't replicate on it's own)
Describe Robert Hooke's microscopic observations and contribution to biology -
Answer-used the first compound microscope to look at cells (coined the term "cells")
Describe Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's observations of bacteria - Answer-First to see
bacteria using a simple microscope
Describe the debate around spontaneous generation in the 1700s and how it was
disproven by Francisco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani - Answer-- Redi showed that
maggots do not come from meat
- Spallanzani boiled meat broth and sealed it, and it showed that microbes don't spawn
spontaneously
Describe how Louis Pasteur finally laid to rest the theory of spontaneous generation -
Answer-- used a swan neck flask (oxygen was still present but microbes couldn't fall in)
and nothing grew
Describe the germ theory of disease and contrast it with the four-humors theory that
dominated for millennia - Answer-disease is caused from infectious microorganisms
- previously thought disease was caused by imbalances of 4 humors (blood, phlegm,
black bile, yellow bile)
Describe methods to obtain a pure culture of a microbe, including the use of solid media
- Answer-Dilute a solution sample or or quadrant streak
Describe Koch's postulates defining the causative agent of a disease - Answer-- 4
criteria
- Find microbe in people with disease and not in healthy patients
- Can isolate the microbe in the lab
- Can put the microbe in a healthy individual and it get the disease
- You can re-isolate the microbe from the new animal
- If all of these occur then you know that bacteria is the causative agent
Describe a Winogradsky column and its relationship to microbial ecosystems - Answer-
a miniature ecosystem with different bacteria. The ones that use oxygen are towards
the top, and the ones that don't are towards the bottom
Describe extremophiles and why they can be useful to humans - Answer-Bacteria that
live outside the normal conditions, and they are useful because they have properties we
can use in biological applications
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