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NUR 634- Exam #3/525 Q’s and A’s A+ Graded
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NUR 634- Exam #3/525 Q’s and A’s A+ Graded
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NUR 634- Exam #3/525 Q’s and A’s A+Graded
Gray matter (define) - -Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies; it rims the
surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
-White matter (define) - -Neuronal axons that are coated with myelin
-Basal ganglia (define) - -Affect movement
-Thalamus (define) - -Process sensory impulses and relays them to the
cerebral cortex
-Hypothalamus (define) - -**Maintains homeostasis & regulates
temperature, HR, & BP
**Affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors
-Internal capsule (define) - -A white-matter structure where myelinated
fibers converge from all parts of the cerebral cortex and descend into the
brainstem
-Cerebellum (define) - -Coordinates all movement and helps maintain the
body upright in space
-Somatic nervous system (define) - -Regulates muscle movements and
response to sensations of touch and pain
-Autonomic nervous system (define) - -Connects to internal organs and
generates autonomic reflex responses
-Sympathetic nervous system (define) - -Part of autonomic nervous system
**Mobilizes organs and their functions during times of stress and arousal**
-Parasympathetic nervous system (define) - -Part of autonomic nervous
system
**Conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation**
-Spinal nerves (classification) - -31 pairs total:
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
,-1 coccygeal
-Sensory fibers - -**AFFERENT**
-Posterior (dorsal) root of nerve
-Motor fibers - -**EFFERENT**
-Anterior (ventral) root of nerve
-When upper motor neuron systems are damaged ABOVE their crossover in
the medulla, motor impairment develops on which side? - -***OPPOSITE /
CONTRALATERAL SIDE***
-When upper motor neuron systems are damaged BELOW their crossover in
the medulla, motor impairment develops on which side? - -***SAME /
IPSILATERAL SIDE***
-In upper motor neuron lesions, what happens to muscle tone and DTRs? - --
Muscle tone is increased
-DTRs are exaggerated
-Damage to lower motor neuron systems cause what? - --Ipsilateral
weakness and paralysis
-Damage to basal ganglia system produces changes in what? - --Muscle
tone (most often an increase)
-Disturbances in posture and gait
-Bradykinesia (slowness or lack of spontaneous movements)
-Various involuntary movements
-Damage to cerebellum causes what? - --Impaired coordination, gait, &
equilibrium
-Decreased muscle tone
-Spinothalamic tract (define) - --Consists of smaller sensory neurons with
unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons
-Registers pain, temperature, and crude touch
-Posterior columns (define) - --Consist of larger neurons with heavily
myelinated axons
-Transmit sensations of vibration, proprioception, kinesthesia, pressure, and
fine touch
, -Diabetic patients with small-fiber neuropathy report what kind of sensation?
- -Sharp, burning, or shooting foot pain
-Diabetic patients with large-fiber neuropathy report what kind of sensation?
- -Numbness & tingling, or no sensation at all
-Dermatome (define) - -The band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a
single spinal nerve
-Biceps / Supinator (brachioradialis) reflexes - -Cervical 5, 6
-Triceps reflex - -Cervical 6, 7
-Knee reflex - -Lumbar 2, 3, 4
-Ankle reflex - -Sacral 1
-Upper abdominal reflex - -Thoracic 8, 9, 10
-Lower abdominal reflex - -Thoracic 10, 11, 12
-Cremasteric reflex - -Lumbar 1, 2
-Plantar response - -Lumbar 5, Sacral 1
-Anal reflex - -Sacral 2, 3, 4
-Headache warning signs - --Progressively frequent or severe over a 3-
month period
-Sudden onset like a "thunderclap" or "the worst headache of my life"
-New onset after age 50 years
-Aggravated or relieved by change in position
-Precipitated by Valsalva maneuver
-Associated symptoms of fever, night sweats, or weight loss
-Presence of cancer, HIV infection, or pregnancy
-Recent head trauma
-Associated papilledema, neck stiffness, or focal neurologic deficits
-What classically presents as "the worse headache of my life"? - -
**Subarachnoid hemorrhage**
^instantaneous onset
, -Meningitis (S/S) - --Stiff neck
-Severe headache
-Mass lesions from brain tumors or abscess (S/S) - -Dull headache increased
by coughing and sneezing
-Migraines - associated S/S - -P- Pulsatile or throbbing
O- One-day duration / lasts 4-72 hours if untreated
U- Unilateral
N- Nausea or vomiting
D- Disabling / causing disruption of daily activities
-Vertigo (define) - -A spinning sensation within the patient or of the
surroundings; often reflects vestibular disease
-Dysarthria (define) - -Difficulty forming words
-Ataxia (define) - -Problems with gait or balance
^seen in cerebellar disease !!
-Abrupt onset of motor and sensory deficits occurs in what? - -TIA or stroke
-Strokes cause what type of motor changes? - -Spasticity // rate-dependent
hypertonia
^tone increases with rapid movement and decreases with slow movement
-Progressive subacute onset of lower extremity weakness/hypotonia occurs
in what? - -Guillain-Barre syndrome
-Chronic, more gradual onset of lower extremity weakness occurs in what? -
-Primary and metastatic spinal cord tumors
-Myasthenia gravis (S/S) - -Proximal, asymmetric weakness that gets worse
with effort and improves with rest
-Monoparesis (define) - -Weakness in an extremity
-Paraparesis (define) - -Weakness in both lower extremities
-Hemiparesis (define) - -Weakness in one side of the body
-Polyneuropathy (S/S) - -*Bilateral, distal weakness
*A pattern of stocking then glove sensory loss
-Dyesthesias (define) - -Distorted sensations
^Ex. light touch or pinprick may cause a burning or irritating sensation
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