MICR 2123: Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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MICR 2123:
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MICR 2123:
MICR 2123: Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
5 levels of intracellular control of gene expression - 1. DNA
2. transcription
3. post-transcription
4. translation
5. post-translation
/.ABC transport - energy comes from ATP hydrolysis
/.ability needed by nose and mouth micro...
5 levels of intracellular control of gene expression - 1. DNA
2. transcription
3. post-transcription
4. translation
5. post-translation
/.ABC transport - energy comes from ATP hydrolysis
/.ability needed by nose and mouth microbiota - All colonizers here need to be able to
adhere to surfaces to avoid flushing to the acidic stomach
/.accidental transmission - when a host that is not part of the normal infection cycle
unintentionally encounters that cycle. Usually a reservoir is involved
/.active transport - against concentration gradient, requires energy expenditure
/.adaptive immunity: specificity - specific
/.Alpha Proteobacteria - Rhizobium and intracellular pathogens (Rickettsia)
/.antibiotic therapy and intestine - disrupts the normal flora and may lead to disease
/.antibody - Y-shaped structure made up of four polypeptides, 2 heavy chains + 2 light
chains.
/.antibody regions - ~constant region and variable region
~tail=Fc region
~arms=Fab regions
/.antigen - any molecule that when introduced in the body will elicit an immune response
(IR) in the form of Antibody production.
/.antiport - coupled transport--the actively transported molecule moves in the direction
opposite to the driving ion
/.arbuscle - Fungi penetrate plant cells forming an arbuscle within a root cell
(endomycorrhizae)
/.Ascomycota - morels and truffles
,/.Assimilation - Process by which organisms acquire an element to build into cells from
an inorganic source:: inorganic-->organic
/.B cells bind to what antigens? - extracellular antigens circulating in blood
/.B cells: function - Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies specific to the
antigen, and memory cells that retains memory of the antigen for a faster response on
second encounter
/.B cells: Type of adaptive immunity involved - Humoral
/.bacteria and methanogens are ________ in the termite gut. - syntrophic (dependent
on each other for the completion of their metabolism)
/.bacteroid - Rhizobia enter plant cells and differentiate into bacteroids (with no cell wall)
/.Basidiomycota - mushrooms
/.benefits of commensals - 1. Make vitamins and digest food (B. thetaiotamicron)
2. Prevent colonization by pathogens (compete with them for food and produce
antibacterial agents that kill them)
/.catabolism - breakdown of complex food molecules to smaller ones to make ATP
/.cell envelope - everything outside the plasma membrane; gram negatives have outer
membrane, positives do not
, /.cell membrane - keeps things out, semipermeable
/.cell wall - covers the cell membrane
/.cell-mediated immunity - T-cells
/.cell-mediated immunity: Antigen recognized - Antigens are from intracellular
pathogens like viruses and intracellular bacteria that did not enter the cell by
phagocytosis
/.cell-mediated immunity: Host cell involved - Any nucleated cell (including also APC)
/.cell-mediated immunity: Lymphocytes involved and purpose - Cytotoxic T cells destroy
the pathogen.
/.cell-mediated immunity: Mechanism - Cytotoxic T cells recognize the antigen on
surface of infected host cells.
/.cell-mediated immunity: what happens after recognition? - Cytotoxic T cell recognizes
an Ag on MHCI on any nucleated cell surface that was infected with a virus or an
intracellular bacteria
/.cells in adaptive immunity - T-cells, B-cells
/.cells in innate immunity - antigen-presenting cells (macrophages)
/.cells walls are made of... - peptidoglycan (amino acids, NAG, NAM)
/.Cellulolytic bacteria - break down cellulose in cow rumen; will also break down glucose
to pyruvate. H2 accumulates as a result
/.characteristic of stomach that limits microbiota - Low pH, few microbes survive
/.chemical barriers to infection (3) - Acidic pH of stomach,
Lysozymes in tears,
Defensins
/.Chloroplasts evolved from - cyanobacteria (genes still encoded on chloroplasts are
photosynthesis genes)
/.Cholera toxin: type of toxin - exotoxin that Disrupts 2º messenger pwy
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