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LS23L FINAL EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
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LS23L FINAL EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
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LS23L FINAL EXAM 2024/2025 WITH100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
What is epidemiology? - Precise Answer ✔✔The study of diseases and
populations at risk
What is an epidemic? - Precise Answer ✔✔refers to a disease that
shows higher incidence than expected
What is pandemic? - Precise Answer ✔✔occurs when the disease has
spread across very large regions, even continents
What factors can contribute to the spread of a disease? - Precise Answer
✔✔individual's health, natural environment of a region, the genetic
background of a population, infrastructure present in a nation, and
cultural and social practices.
How does HIV infect cells? - Precise Answer ✔✔it infects human T-
cells by binding to a protein called CCR5, which enables it to enter the
cell and begin propagating and then cause immune cell death via several
mechanisms.
What is gel electrophoresis? - Precise Answer ✔✔enables us to separate
DNA fragments based on size and then are viewed under ultraviolet light
,How do vaccines work? - Precise Answer ✔✔they expose our cells to
dead or inactive pathogens in order to stimulate them to produce an
immune response
What are antibodies? - Precise Answer ✔✔small molecules that
recognize specific targets
What is spectrophotometry? - Precise Answer ✔✔can give us a good
quantitative value to determine the concentration of DNA, RNA, or
protein in a sample
How is the value of the spectrophotometer read? - Precise Answer
✔✔the absorption at any given wavelength is determined by measuring
the difference in the signal with and without the presence of the
compound of interest
What are serial dilutions? - Precise Answer ✔✔they are an accurate and
consistent method of reliably diluting a solution
pico- - Precise Answer ✔✔p, 10^-12
nano- - Precise Answer ✔✔n, 10^-9
milli- - Precise Answer ✔✔[μ], 10^-3
micro- - Precise Answer ✔✔m, 10^-6
,What quantity does p1000 dispense? - Precise Answer ✔✔100- 1000 μl
What quantity does p200 dispense? - Precise Answer ✔✔20- 200 μl
What quantity does p20 dispense? - Precise Answer ✔✔2- 20 μl
What does the enzyme beta-galactosidase catalyze? - Precise Answer
✔✔it hydrolysis lactose, a disaccharide found in milk, to create
galactose and glucose
How is the transcription of beta-galactosidase regulated? - Precise
Answer ✔✔by the amount of lactose in the environment. The repressor
binds to the operator, prohibiting the lac operon genes from being
transcribed by blocking the RNA polymerase; when lactose is present, it
binds to the repressor, causing a conformational change of the repressor,
and makes it fall off from the operator region, which allows the
transcription of beta-galactosidase which later cleaves lactose
What is a biochemical assay? - Precise Answer ✔✔an assay is a method
to indirectly assess how much of a given protein (including enzymes) is
produced per cell, per unit time.
What does luria broth do? - Precise Answer ✔✔It provides essential
nutrients for bacteria growth
, What is the purpose of adding chloroform when doing a biochemical
assay? - Precise Answer ✔✔to partially disrupt the cell membrane,
allowing cellular proteins to diffuse out of the cell
What is the purpose of a Z buffer in a biochemical assay? - Precise
Answer ✔✔promotes the reaction between beta-galactosidase and
ONPG by optimizing the pH of the sample
What does the addition of Na2CO3 in a biochemical assay? - Precise
Answer ✔✔it stops the reaction of beta-galactosidase and ONPG by
changing the pH from 7.0 to 11 because beta-galactosidase is very pH
sensitive
What is metabolism? - Precise Answer ✔✔it is defined as the total
chemical activity within that organism; it is the sum of all anabolic and
catabolic processes
What are anabolic pathways? - Precise Answer ✔✔they synthesize
important chemical building blocks
What are catabolic pathways? - Precise Answer ✔✔They serve to break
down molecules
Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from? - Precise Answer
✔✔mitochondrial DNA is strictly inherited from the mother because
mitochondria in the sperm are destroyed after fertilization
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