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Medical Surgery Rotation exam with correctly answered questions
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Medical Surgery Rotation exam with correctly answered questions
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Medical Surgery Rotation exam withcorrectly answered questions
Amylase - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ enzyme excreted by the pancreas and salivary glands that is
involved in digestion of starch molecules. May be
elevated with pancreatitis (but, may be normal or low in advanced disease).
Ascites - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ accumulation of large amounts of fluid containing protein and
electrolytes in the peritoneal cavity caused by
obstruction of flow in the portal vein and increased intestinal capillary permeability. Low albumin
levels further complicates the problem due to decreased oncotic pressure. Decreased blood flow to
the kidneys can stimulate aldosterone secretion, which increased Na+ and H2O retention (and
increases potassium excretion). May be seen in CHF, pancreatitis & liver disease. Treated with
diuretics, sodium restriction, and/or paracentesis.
Anasarca - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ extreme generalized edema characterized by widespread
swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space usually caused by liver
failure, renal failure, right-sided heart failure, or severe malnutrition/protein deficiency.
Delirium Tremens "DT's" - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ an acute and sometimes fetal psychotic
reaction caused by cessation of excessive intake of
alcohol, over a prolonged period of time. Initial symptoms include loss of appetite, restlessness,
irritability,
confusion, tremulousness, insomnia, or generalized convulsions; and may progress to hallucinations,
delirium, and jerky tremors. Mortality of 5 to 15%. Recovery usually within 3 to 5 days. Treated with
benzodiazepines and may be impeded by IV thiamine and folic acid administration.
Esophageal varices - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ distention of esophageal veins, caused by the
development of collateral circulations from portal vein
hypertension and atrophy of gastric mucosa. May rupture causing significant blood loss, which may
lead to ARDS
, (acute respiratory distress syndrome), ARF (acute renal failure), or hepatic encephalopathy.
Prophylactic treatment
with beta-blockers may avoid rupture by maintaining sustained portal vein pressures lower than 12
mmHg.
Fetor Hepaticus - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ a musty breath odor associated with severe hepatic
disease caused by the exhalation of mercaptans, which accumulate due to the metabolic breakdown
of methionine. A possible symptom in hepatic encephalopathy.
Hemochromatosis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ disease of iron overload which results in the
deposition of iron in organs leading to progressive hepatic,
pancreatic, cardiac, or other organ damage. Symptoms include enlarged liver, "bronze" skin, and/or
accelerated
arteriosclerosis. Most commonly presents in the 4th decade of life and is more common in men. May
be linked to an
autosomal recessive chromosomal mutation.
Hepatic Encephalopathy - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ a dysfunction of the brain secondary to
metabolic alterations commonly seen in hepatic cirrhosis
and inherited urea cycle disorders. Treatment includes reducing the production and/or absorption of
ammonia in
the intestinal tract. Clinical manifestations range from subtle abnormalities (asterixis, impaired fine
motor coordination) to deep coma or death and are classified into a grading system on 0 to 4.
Hepatomegaly - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ enlargement of the liver
Korsakoff's Dementia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ alcoholic polyneuropathy. A syndrome
characterized by psychosis, disorientation, hallucinations,
and insomnia that results from chronic alcoholism due to cerebellar degeneration and associated
with thiamine
deficiency
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