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Maryville Patho 611 Exam 4 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Maryville Patho 611 Exam 4 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Maryville Patho611 Exam 4
Questions and
Complete Solutions
Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,Urinary tract infection in older adults - Answer: 2. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
2. difficult diagnose due to vague symptoms
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension. - Answer: 1. Reduced perfusion activates RAAS
2. Leads to constriction of peripheral arterioles
kidneys receive ___________________cardiac output - Answer: 20-25% or or 1000 to 1200ml per
minute
Most common type of renal stone - Answer: Calcium oxalate
Kidney stone refers pain - Answer: 1. Umbilicus if high in the urethra (sensory innervation of the upper
part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root)
2. Abdomen or groin if low in the urethra
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) - Answer: 1. condition that includes non-bacterial
infectious cystitis (viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, fungal)
2. noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune, hypersensitivity)
Cause of PBS/IC - Answer: 1. Unknown
2. autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes
mast cell activation,
altered epithelial permeability,
neuro-inflammation,
increased sensory nerve sensitivity
Pyelonephritis - Answer: infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney
interstitium).
Pyelonephritis: the most common underlying risk factors - Answer: 1. Urinary obstruction
,2. reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
3. Pregnancy
4. neurogenic bladder
5. instrumentation: catheters, endoscopy
6. female sexual trauma
Microorganisms usually associated with acute pyelonephritis - Answer: 1. E. coli
2. Proteus, or
3. Pseudomonas.
These microorganisms also split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that increases the risk of
stone formation.
specific diagnosis: cystitis vs pyelonephritis - Answer: 1. Difficult to do by clinical manifestations alone
2. urine culture,
3. urinalysis, and
4. clinical signs and symptoms
pyelonephritis UA lab finding - Answer: White blood cell casts, but they are not always present in the
urine.
Reduced GFR during glomerular disease - Answer: 1. elevated plasma urea,
2. creatinine concentration, or
3. reduced renal creatinine clearance.
Acute glomerulonephritis - Answer: includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused
by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the
endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes)
Acute glomerulonephritis: classic symptoms - Answer: 1. sudden onset of hematuria including red blood
cell casts and
, 2. proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome),
Acute glomerulonephritis: severe symptoms - Answer: 1. Hematuria
2. protienuria
3. Edema
4. HTN
5. Impaired renal function
Nephrotic syndrome - Answer: 1. excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein (massive proteinuria) in the urine
per day,
2. hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and
3. peripheral edema
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of - Answer: Glomerular injury
Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome - Answer: 1. minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis),
2. membranous glomerulonephritis, and
3. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
(see Table 38-7).
Secondary forms of nephrotic syndrome - Answer: occur in systemic diseases including
1. diabetes mellitus,
2. amyloidosis, and
3. systemic lupus erythematosus
Nephrotic syndrome also is seen with - Answer: 1. certain drugs,
2. infections, malignancies, and
3. vascular disorders.
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