Exam (elaborations)
CHAPTER-06 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
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CHAPTER-06 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
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CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology)CHAPTER-06 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Anatomy is the study of internal structure of organism. In plants anatomy includes histology,
that is, organization and structure of tissues. Anatomy helps in knowing the structural
peculiarities of different group of plants and indicates the structural adaptation to diverse
environments.
The tissue
A group of cells having a common origin and usually performing common function are called
tissues.
Plant Tissue
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
a. Apical Meristem. Simple Permanent Complex Permanent
Tissues Tissue
b. Intercalary meristem.
c. Lateral Meristem
a. Parenchyma a. Xylem
b. Collenchyma b. Phloem
c. Sclerenchyma
A meristem or meristematic tissue is a simple tissue composed of a group of similar
and immature cells which can divide and form new cells. The meristem which occurs at tips
of roots and shoots and produce primary tissues are called apical meristem.
Intercalary meristem occurs between mature tissues especially in grasses. It is also
primary tissue. The meristem occurs on the sides and takes part in increasing girth of the
plants are called Lateral meristem. Intrafascicular cambium in the primary lateral
meristem. Vascular cambium, cork cambium are secondary meristem.
The cells that have become structurally and functionally specialized and lose the
ability of cells division are called permanent tissue. Permanent tissues having all cells
similar in structure and function are called simple permanent tissues and those having
different kinds of cells are called complex tissue.
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, Parenchyma is a simple permanent living
tissue which is made up thin-walled similar
isodiametric cells. Each cell encloses a large central
vacuole and peripheral cytoplasm containing nucleus.
They are found in non-woody and soft areas of stem,
root, leaves, fruits and flowers. They store the food
and provide turgidity to softer parts of plant.
Collenchyma consists of cells which are
much thickened at corner due to cellulose,
hemicellulose and pactin. Oval, spherical or
polygonal often contain chlorophyll. They provide
mechanical support to the growing parts of the
plants like young stem.
Sclerenchymas are supportive tissue
having highly thick walled cells with little or no
protoplasm due to deposition of cellulose or
lignin. They are of two types fibres and sclereids.
Mechanical support to mature plant organs to
tolerate bending, shearing, compression etc.
Complex Tissues – Xylem and phloem constitute
the complex tissues in plants and work together as a unit.
Xylem Phloem
a. It conducts water or sap. a. Phloem conducts organic food.
b. Xylem is found deep in the plant. b. It is situated towards the outer
c. Xylem provides mechanical side.
strength. c. It has no mechanical functions.
d. Xylem is made up of vessels, d. Phloem is made up of sieve tube,
tracheid, xylem fibre and xylem companion cells, phloem parenchyma
parenchyma. and phloem fibres.
• Primary xylem is of two types- protoxylem and mataxylem. In stem, protoxylem lies
in centre and mataxylem towards periphery. This type of primary xylem is called endarch.
• In roots, protoxylem lies in periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre. This
type of primary xylem is called exarch.
• In gymnosperms, albuminous cells and sieve cells, they lack sieve tube and
companion cells.
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