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Patho Exam 1 - UNMC Nursing Latest Update

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Patho Exam 1 - UNMC Nursing Latest Update ...

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  • August 29, 2024
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  • Patho - UNMC
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Patho Exam 1 - UNMC Nursing Latest
Update
Nociceptors - Answer peripheral pain receptors - impulse starts

Afferent Fibers - Answer A-delta & C fibers (dull aching)

Spinal Cord (dorsal horn/substantia Gelatinosa) - Answer region w/ substance P -
descending efferent input from BRAIN modulate pain at the spinal cord

Brain - Answer for interpretation

pain is the perception of nociceptive events - this means? - Answer impulse must get to
brain and be interpreted before pain is perceived/felt

Gate Control Theory of Pain - L fibers - Answer Large diameter fibers

- conduct impulses fast

- attempt to excite/depolarize/stimulate T cells & SG

- A delta fibers

- stimulation = relaxation, breathing

Gate Control Theory of Pain - S Fibers - Answer Small diameter fibers

- conduct impulses slower

- attempt to excite T cells & inhibit SG (decrease pain perception)

- A-delta & C fibers

- stimulation = anxiety, stress

Gate Control Theory of Pain - SG - Answer Substantia Gelatinosa

- attempt to inhibit T cell

- good to stimulate

Gate Control Theory of Pain - T - Answer Central Transmission

- receives all input

- the more excitation of a T cell, the more pain is felt

- want to AVOID stimulation of t cell

- is inhibited by SG which is stimulated by L

,Gate Control Theory of Pain - Close Gate - Answer Decrease Pain

- stimulate SG

- stimulate L fibers

- inhibit S fibers

- inhibit T cells

Gate Control Theory of Pain - Open Gate - Answer Increase Pain

- stimulate S fibers

- inhibit L fibers

- inhibit SG

potentiate T cells

Normal Osmotic Equilibrium - in regard to fluid balance - Answer - equal in
concentration, NOT volume

- involves primarily osmotic forcers (concentrations & their ability to equalize)

- water moves across membrane toward hypertonic to help dilute the solute down

- increase & decrease in volume cause cells to either shrink or swell

addition of a HYPOTONIC solution to the ECF - Answer - water moves from ECF to ICF

- volume increases in the ICF & decreases in the ECF (cell swells)

- In order summarized - move to ICF, lowers blood volume, cells swell

addition of a HYPERTONIC solution to the ECF - Answer - water moves from ICF to ECF

- volume increases in ECF & decreases in the ICF (cell shrinks)

- in order summarized - higher blood volume, move to ECF, cells shrink, established
osmotic equilibrium

capillary hydrostatic pressure - Answer - favor water out of the capillary (strongest
force favoring on the arterial side)

- pushing of fluid inside the capillary against the walls

-pressure depends on volume of blood and flow of fluid

- C H I O favor

- these are "big"

, Root Words - hydro - Answer push out fluid

Root Words - oncotic - Answer pulls fluid towards them

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure - Answer - favor water out of the capillary

- osmotic pull ( molecules want company)

- in interstitial space

- burn victims

- these are small

Capillary Oncotic Pressure - Answer - opposes water in capillary

- osmotic pull inside the capillary

- big

- large proteins

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - Answer - pushing of fluid in interstitial space against
walls

- pressure depends on volume (ex. edema pushes on walls)

- small

What happens when altered? - High BP - Answer - capillary hydrostatic pressure
increases

- causes increased pressure against capillary walls

- favors filtration ( water moving OUT of the capillary)

What happens when altered? - Larger blood volume - Answer - capillary hydrostatic
pressure increases

- causes increased pressure against capillary walls

- favors filtration (water moving out of the capillary)

What happens when altered? - Malnutrition/Lower protein concentration in blood -
Answer - capillary oncotic pressure decreases

- proteins NOT pulling from inside capillary

- favors filtration (water moving out of the capillary)

What happens when altered? Increased capillary permeability/burns

- capillary channels open. proteins and fluids leak out - Answer - capillary oncotic

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