motor learning - Answer-study of the acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience
focuses on the cognitive (or mental) aspects of skill acquisition
-feedback, practice, individual differences
skill classification systems - Answer-1. task dimensions
2. skill proficiency
...
ESS 207 FINAL Exam Questions and
Answers 2024-2025
motor learning - Answer-study of the acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice
and experience
focuses on the cognitive (or mental) aspects of skill acquisition
-feedback, practice, individual differences
skill classification systems - Answer-1. task dimensions
2. skill proficiency
task: organization - Answer-based on movement organization
1. discrete
2. serial
3. continuous
discrete skills (task: organization) - Answer-defined beginning and end
short duration
EX) kicking a soccer ball, throwing a football, hitting a golf ball
1 skill
serial skills (task: organization) - Answer-several discrete skills connected in a
*sequence* (2+ skills)
-become on single, smooth, rapid movement
requires a longer time than a discrete skill
EX) shifting a manual car, playing a softball game, dance routine, tumbling pass
continuous skills (task: organization) - Answer-no recognizable beginning or end
*repetitive and rhythmic*
often continues for many minutes
-duration determined by distance, barrier, time, reps
EX) swimming, running, cycling
task: elements - Answer-based on relative (or contribution) of the major elements
1. motor
2. cognitive
(most a mix of both)
-point guard leading fast break
-quarterback dropping back for pass
expertise is key facotr
-novices= more cognition (must think about how to do it) as compared to experts
motor (task: elements) - Answer-success determined by *quality of movement*
emphasis on correct performance
,-HOW to do it
motor control is maximized, decision making is minimized
EX) lifting weights, throwing javelin
cognitive (task: elements) - Answer-success more determined by the actual *decision
guiding the movement* (rather than the movement itself)
-WHAT you do, not how you do it
decision making is maximized, motor control is minimized
EX) coaching, playing poker, game strategy, yoga instructor
task: environment - Answer-based on the nature and predictability of the environment
-open
-closed
most overlap, but not all
open skills (task: environment) - Answer-environment is dynamic, unpredictable
must adjust to changes
-must react to changes in environment, movement of opponents/teammates
EX) fielding a ground ball, driving in traffic, soccer goalie defending the goal
closed skills (task: environment) - Answer-self-paced
environment is stable and predictable
-does not change during a movement
EX) putting in golf, high jump, serving in tennis, field events in track
skill proficiency perspective - Answer-as compared to an unskilled performer, a skilled
performer exhibits:
1. maximum certainty
-meets performance goals with certainty on demand (stable attractor state)
2. minimum energy expenditure
-education of unwanted or unnecessary energy
3. minimum movement time
-able to perform movement in shortest amount of time possible
why does skill classification matter - Answer-allows practitioner to identify relevant
performance demands
-open environment requires lots of decision-making
-closed environment performance is based mainly on quality of movement execution
use this info to design targeted training techniques
stages of learning and performance - Answer-fitts an posner's model
cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage
, cognitive stage - Answer-understanding of the nature and goal of the activity
initial attempts at the skill- gross errors
associative stage - Answer-practice on mastering the timing of the skill
fewer and more consistent errors
autonomous stage - Answer-well coordinated and appears effortless
few errors
"automatic" performance allows attention to be directed to other aspects of skill
performance (auto pilot)
information processing - Answer-often compared to a computer
we detect info from the environment and use it to guide our actions
input -> stimulus identification (perception) -> response selection (decision) -> response
programming (action) -> output
input - Answer-information you receive and must process
some type of stimulus
-starter's gun, baseball, defenders
stimulus identification - Answer-perception
use our senses to determine what is happening
-is it moving? how fast? where's it going?
*2 substages:* stimulus detection and pattern recognition
*speed influenced by:* intensity and number
stimulus detection - Answer-recognize input as relevant
-official's whistle vs crowd heckling
pattern recognition - Answer-understand what is happening
-movement of defenders
speed and stimulus identification - Answer-*intensity:* RT is faster with more intense
stimuli
-starter's gun vs verbal command "go"
*number:* RT is faster with fewer stimuli
-fast break 1 on 1 vs 3 on 2
response selection - Answer-decision
what to do (if anything) in response to input
*speed influence by:* number of choices and probability that choice is correct
speed and response selection - Answer-*number of choices:* RT is slower with more
choices
=2 choices vs 4 choices
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