Nutrition 331 Practice Final Exam (units 1 to 15)

Nutrition is defined as - The study of the function and interaction of nutrients, and the processes by which the body uses them. An essential nutrient is not - Synthesized by the body in sufficient quantity. In a complete chemical analysis of food, in general, the greatest component would be - water An organic compound can be defined as - a substance or molecule containing carbon A nutritional deficiency can be detected in its earliest stages by - Laboratory tests of urine and blood samples A method of obtaining dietary information suited for large nutrition survey - food frequency List the six major classes of nutrients - Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), protein, vitamins, minerals, and water. A food composition table can be used to determine the amount of iron actually absorbed by the body from a serving of liver consumed. - False. Food composition tables only give nutrient values present in the food; they do not consider the absorption rate, which differs depending on the presence or absence of enhancing or inhibiting factors. A nutrient source that yields MORE energy than 4 kcalories per gram. - Plant fats an example of a micronutrient - iron What is the AMDR for fat? - 20 to 35 percent of energy An example of an anthropometric measure? - Body weight What type of deficiency is caused by inadequate absorption of a nutrient? - secondary A case-control study is carried out to determine the relationship between diet and colon cancer. The result indicates that subjects with a high cholesterol intake have a 30% higher risk of cancer. Does this result mean that dietary cholesterol causes colon cancer? - The evidence cited does not necessarily mean that dietary cholesterol causes colon cancer; it may be a case of guilt by association. In other words, the real cause may not be cholesterol but some other food component associated with cholesterol. Also, there may be an error in diet assessment. For example, subjects with colon cancer may have changed their diets in the period before their diets were assessed. An epidemiological study reveals that populations whose members consume diets low in cereals have a high incidence of prostate cancer. Does this result mean that cereals prevent prostate cancer? - The evidence cited does not necessarily mean that cereals prevent prostate cancer; it may also be a case of guilt by association. The real cause of prostate cancer may be a food inversely associated with cereals. There may also be important errors in the data. For example, populations with a high intake of cereals may under-report prostate cancer. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of anecdotal studies as a means of investigating the dietary causes of diseases - Anecdotal studies may allow the recognition of relationships between diet and disease, but only if they involve large numbers of t reports of similar symptoms (for example, in "Chinese Restaurant Syndrome," or in reports of the side effects of drugs). In many cases, however, anecdotal reports are too individual and too difficult to reproduce to be accepted as concrete evidence. They can suggest areas of research, but cannot prove anything.