What is cognitive psychology? Answer: scientific study of mental processes involved in:
acquiring & storing information (perception, attention, memory)
manipulating information (language, decision making)
using existing knowledge in new situations (creativity, problem solving)
Donder...
PSYC 3310: Exam 1 Assessment With
Answer Key 2024/2025
What is cognitive psychology? Answer: scientific study of mental processes involved in:
acquiring & storing information (perception, attention, memory)
manipulating information (language, decision making)
using existing knowledge in new situations (creativity, problem solving)
Donders - purpose Answer: measured how long it takes a person to make a decision through the
use of action times
Donders - method Answer: Simple RT task: participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears
Choice RT task: participant pushes one button if light is on right side, another if light is on left side
Donders - Conclusion Answer: 1/10th second to make a decision
mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant's behavior
Wundt - approach Answer: first psychology laboratory
Structuralism: experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations
Wundt - method Answer: Analytic introspection: participants were trained to describe experiences
and thought processes in response to stimuli
Broke down his participants' experience of color, shape, motion and depth into different sensations
,Ebbinghaus - purpose Answer: only tested himself & interested in forgetting
Ebbinghaus - method Answer: Read list of nonsense syllables aloud many times to determine
number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors
After some time, he would relearn the list until he would get back to 100% accuracy again
savings = (original time to learn the list) - (time to relearn the list after a delay)
Ebbinghaus - conclusion Answer: short intervals = fewer repetition to relearn
the longer he stayed away from the list, the longer it look for him to relearn the list
Savings curve: shows savings as a function of retention interval
19 minutes to 1 hour you have a lot of forgetting that occurs.
Within the 1st two days, that is when you are forgetting the most information, after 2 days there is a
drop off in forgetting (you don't really forgetting very much anymore)
John Watson - importance Answer: 1st to propose behaviorism
did NOT agree with Wundt's analytic introspection for 2 reasons:
extremely variable results from person to person
results difficult to verify
Behaviorism Answer: study of directly observable behavior which is something people can directly
measure rather than invisible mental events
, Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning Answer: Pair a neutral event with an event that
naturally produces some outcome
After many pairings, the "neutral" event now produces the outcome
Watson & Rayner Answer: Little Albert Experiment (Classical conditioning of fear)
behavior can can analyzed without any reference to the mind
examined how pairing one stimulus with another affected behavior
BF Skinner - purpose Answer: Interested in determining the relationship between stimuli and
response
BF Skinner Answer: Operant conditioning:
shape behavior by rewards or punishments
behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated
behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated
Tolman - purpose Answer: trained rats to find food in a 4-armed maze
1. rats explored the maze
2. place them at point A, food at point B so they are rewarded for turning right
if you place the rat at point C, which way do they turn?
Two competing hypothesis of Tolman's study Answer: Behaviorism predicts that the rats learned to
turn right to find food
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