Summary
Summary Bio 142 Exam 2 Study Guide
- Course
- BIO 142
- Institution
- Emory University
Comprehensive and detailed Exam 2 Study Guide for Bio 142. *Essential!! *For you,at a price that's fair enough!!
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CHAPTER 7.1● Morphology (form-science) creates the division of cells into prokaryotic and eukaryotic
● Phylogeny (tribe-source) divides organisms into domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya
● Prokaryotic cells possess an array of structures and features found in millions of species
● Components common to all bacteria today are
○ Cell wall
○ Plasma membrane
○ Chromosome (single and circular)
○ Cytoplasm
○ Ribosomes?
● Bacterial chromosomes contain DNA, which contains genes
● To fit in the cell, bacterial chromosomes have DNA helices that fold on themselves to
form “supercoiled structure”
● Nucleoid: location and structural organization of circular chromosome
● Plasmids are supercoiled DNA molecules (so they have genes) that are INDEPENDENT
from the chromosomes. AKA auxiliary genetic components
● Ribosome is a MACROmolecular machine. Contains proteins and RNA
● Photosynthetic bacteria have internal membrane complexes to carry out photosynthesis
● Some bacteria have compartments that qualify as organelles
● Bacteria and archaea have fibers that serve a variety of roles, such as cell division and
holding up the cytoplasm
● Cytoplasm: inside of membrane, all contents of cell
● Cell wall of bacteria and archaea serve as protective exoskeleton
● Fimbriae help glue bacteria to the surface of tissues
GENETICS E-TEXT 6.6
● Although bacteria reproduce asexually, they have ways of recombining their genetic
material (so yes, bacteria have genetic diversity)
● Bacteria diversify their DNA through 3 methods:
○ Transformation (two types: natural and artificial)
○ Conjugation
○ Transduction (two types: lytic & lysogenic)
● Transformation: bacterial cell gets new DNA from the environment
○ When bacteria die/disintegrate, their chromosomal DNA is released into the
environment and is freely available to other living cells. In natural
transformation, one strand of the free DNA comes in contact and passes
through the cell membrane of the bacteria (the other strand dissolves). The new
DNA recombines with the bacterial chromosome and becomes incorporated in
the bacterial genome.
, ○ During artificial transformation, the free DNA is placed in the environment by
labs and induced to pass through the cell membrane of bacteria through
electroporation or heat shocking
● Plasmid vectors are sequences of transformed DNA
● Transformed bacteria after replication: only one daughter cell retains the transformed
genome
● Conjugation: bacterial cell gets new DNA through direct contact
○ One bacterial cell is the donor and one is the recipient
○ The donor carries a fertility factor (F+)
○ Donor connects to recipient via a pilus. DNA in the form of a plasmid enters the
other bacteriaa
○ Recipient usually benefits from the donor. Usually gets an antibiotic resistance
gene
○
● Transduction: bacterial cell gets new DNA through a virus (bacteriophage)
○ Virus injects its DNA into the bacterial cell. Either Lytic or lysogenic cycle occurs
○ Lytic: virus injects DNA. The bacterial cell’s DNA breaks apart and the viral DNA
replicates. Viral DNA replication causes more virsus to form
○ Lysogenic: virus injects DNA. DNA recombines with the bacterial cell’s DNA.
Furute generation forever have the viral DNA
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