Summary Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production
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Course
Biology 121
Institution
Biology 121
Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production
Animal Husbandry
Introduction
● The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
● It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
● Dairy F...
● The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
● It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
● Dairy Farm Management
○ Milk yield is dependent upon the quality of breed selected. Quality
encompasses yielding potential and disease resistance.
○ Care of cattle − Proper accommodation, adequate water, feeding in a
scientific manner (quality of fodder), hygiene, visits by a veterinary
doctor
○ All these processes nowadays have become mechanised and proper
record keeping is followed.
● Dairy Farm Management
○ Poultry includes meat from birds such as chicken, ducks, and turkey.
○ The main emphasis in poultry farming is selection of a diseasefree
and healthy breed.
○ Safe farm conditions, proper feed, water, and hygiene are also
necessary.
Animal Breeding
● Breed − A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters
such as general appearance, features, size, etc.
● Aims of breeding:
○ To increase yield of animals
○ To improve desirable qualities in produce
● Breeding is of two types − inbreeding and outbreeding.
● Inbreeding
○ Mating of more closely related individuals of same breed for four
generations
, ○ Superior females and superior males are identified and mated.
○ Superior females − Produce more milk per lactation
○ Superior males − Give rise to a superior progeny
○ Inbreeding increases homozygosity. It evolves a pure line.
○ It accumulates superior genes, but also threatens to accumulate
harmful recessive genes
●
○ Continuous inbreeding may reduce fertility and productivity. This
problem is called inbreeding depression.
○ Outbreeding provides a solution to inbreeding depression.
● Outbreeding − It includes outcrossing, crossbreeding, and interspecific
hybridisation.
○ Outcrossing
− It is the mating between animals of same breed, but
not having common ancestors for 4 − 5 generations. It is usually used
for animals, which have below average productivity and growth rate.
○ Crossbreeding
− It is the mating between superior male of one
breed with superior female of another breed. Superior qualities of both
the breeds combine and this is known as hybrid vigour. The progeny
so formed is called hybrid. A hybrid may be used as it is or may be
further subjected to inbreeding.
Example:
Hisardale
sheep is a hybrid of Bikaneri ewes and Marino
rams.
○ Interspecific Hybridization
− Males and females of different, but
related species are mated. Progeny has desirable features of both the
species.
Example − Mule is an interspecific hybrid of donkey and horse.
Controlled Breeding Techniques
● Artificial Insemination
Semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of
the female.
Semen can be frozen for later use or used immediately.
● Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology
○ Cow is administered with FSHlike hormone, which induces follicular
maturity and super ovulation.
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