- Characterized by mutual respect, affection, and enjoyment in interactions.
- Negative Interpersonal Dynamics:
- Marked by dislike, lack of respect, and unpleasant interactions.
- Outcomes of Interpersonal Behaviors:
- Satisfaction of social needs.
- Provision of social support.
- Creation of organizational synergy.
- Potential source of conflict (can be situational or relational).
Communication
- Definition: The process of transmitting information between individuals, which can sometimes involve
distractions (like "white noise").
- Effective Communication:
- Achieves mutual understanding and minimizes distortion.
- Goes both ways; sender and receiver refine the message.
- Types of Communication Networks:
- Wheel: Centralized, where one person shares information (least preferred).
- Y: Leadership model.
- Chain: Information may be distorted, similar to the game of telephone.
- Circle: Enables feedback; members can correct previous messages.
- All-Channel: Decentralized; preferred for complex tasks as it promotes open communication.
,- Nonverbal Communication:
- Significant components include:
- Facial expressions (55%)
- Tone of voice (38%)
- Actual words (7%)
- Key Principles for Effective Communication:
- Maintain and enhance self-esteem.
- Listen and respond empathetically.
- Encourage involvement and share thoughts.
- Provide support while maintaining personal responsibility.
Barriers to Effective Communication
- Individual Barriers:
- Conflicting signals or messages.
- Lack of credibility.
- Reluctance to communicate.
- Poor listening skills.
- Preconceived notions.
- Organizational Barriers:
- Semantics and language differences.
- Status or power gradients.
- Different perceptions and overload of information.
- Literal or figurative noise.
Overcoming Communication Barriers
- Individual Skills:
, - Develop good listening skills (most critical).
- Facilitate two-way communication.
- Be aware of language use and meanings.
- Maintain credibility and sensitivity to perspectives.
- Organizational Skills:
- Follow up on communications.
- Manage information flow.
- Understand the richness of different media (e.g., face-to-face).
Listening Skills
- More Effective Listening Skills:
- Stay active and focused.
- Pay attention.
- Ask questions.
- Keep an open mind.
- Assimilate information using examples.
- Less Effective Listening Skills:
- Passive behavior and distractions.
- No questioning and disregard for information.
Organizing
- Definition: Deciding how to group organizational activities and resources efficiently.
Organizational Structure
- Building Blocks:
1. Designing jobs.
2. Departmentalization.
, 3. Reporting relationships.
4. Distributing authority.
5. Coordinating activities.
6. Differentiating between positions.
Job Design Concepts
- Job Design: Determining an individual's work-related responsibilities.
- Job Specialization: Breaking down tasks into smaller components.
- Benefits:
- Proficiency in tasks.
- Reduced transfer time.
- Easier employee replacement.
- Limitations:
- Boredom and job dissatisfaction.
- Job Rotation: Moving employees between different jobs to reduce monotony.
- Job Enlargement: Increasing the number of tasks for workers.
- Job Enrichment: Enhancing both the number of tasks and control workers have over their jobs,
increasing meaningfulness.
Job Characteristics Approach
- Core Dimensions:
- Skill Variety: Diversity of tasks performed.
- Task Identity: Completing a whole or identifiable piece of work.
- Task Significance: Importance of the task perceived by the worker.
- Autonomy: Control over how work is performed.
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