Exam (elaborations)
PATH 3366 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A GRADED
PATH 3366 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A GRADED
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NURSING 3366
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NURSING 3366
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PATH 3366 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A GRADED
Mainsfunctionsofsgeness-
sToscodessynthesissofsproteinssthatsformsourstraitssandsfunctionalscharacteristics.sCansbes
permanentsorsfunctionalsinspurpose.
Chromosomes-
sDNAsmoleculesthatsissmadesupsofsasseriessofsgenes.sWesreceives23sfromseachsparents;s2
2saresautosomal,s1sissassexschromosome.
Alleless-
sPartnersgenessthatscodesforsthessamestraitsonsaspairsofschromosomes.sSameslocationsofse
achschomosome.sCansbesdominant,srecessive,sorsboth.
Genotypess-
sCombinationsofspartnersgeness(alleles)slocatedsonstheschromosome.sExsGG,sGg,sgg
Phenotypes-sHowsthesdisorderslooks;ssignssandssymptomssofsthesdisorder
MultifactorialsGeneticsDisorderss-
sCombinationsofsenvironmentalstriggerssandsvariations/
mutationssofsgenessplusspotentiallysinheritedstendencies.
Teratogenicsdisorderss-
sAnsenvironmentalsinfluencesthatscanscausesdefects.sEx.salcoholscausingsfetalsalcoholssyn
drome
Chromosomalsdisorders-
sdisordersfromsalterationstosdevelopmentsofsstructuresofsaschromosomeswhichsalterssthesg
enes''sfunctionality.sEx.sDown'sssyndrome.
Single-genesdisorders-
sDuestosinheritedsmutatedsgene;sExsautosomalsrecessive,sautosomalsdominant,ssex-
linked
,Autosomalsrecessives-
smutatedsrecessivesgenesonsoneschromosomespartnersswithsmutatedsrecessivesgenesonst
hesotherschromosomesEx.sgg
AnemiasSymptomss-
sShortnesssofsbreaths(SOB),sweakness,sfatiguesduestoslessshemglobins(whichscarriedsO2st
osthestissues)
Sickle-Cells-
sRBCssclogsmicrocirculationsofsthesjointsscausingsischemicspainsandslesssoxygen;sheteroz
ygussgeneotypescanspassstosoverspring
AutomsomalsDominantsDisorders-
sMutatedsdominantsgenesonsoneschromosomespartnerssupswithsmutatedsdominantsgeneso
nsthesothers"PP";ssuchsasspolycysticskidneysdiseases(PKD)s-
ssymptomssaresfrequentskidneysinfectionssandsstones
Sex-linkedsdisorderss-
sUsuallysoccursswithinsmalesswheresthesXswillshavesnospartnersonsthesYsgene;sexshemophi
lia
As55-year-
oldsmanswithsemphysemas(astypesofschronicslungsdisease)swhoshasssmokeds2spackssofsci
garettesspersdaysfors40syearssisshospitalizedsforsacutesonsetsofscoughsproductivesofsblood
yssputums(sputum=secretionssfromsdeepsinstheslungs).sAftersasfewsdayssofstestingsandstre
atment,sthespatient'ssnursesreadssasphysician'ssnotesonstheschart:s"Ishavestoldsthespatientst
hatsthesetiologiessofshisshemoptysissare:s1)sexacerbationsofshisschronicsemphysemasands
2)sthesnewsdiagnosissofslungscancer.sThesonsetssofsbothswerescontributedstosbyshisslongst
andingssmoking."
Thespatientsaskssthesnursesforsmoresinformation.sWhichsofsthesfollowingsexplanationsstost
hespatientsbestsindicatessasfullsunderstandingsofsthespatient'sssituation?
a.s"Youshavesasdiseasesprocesssthatswassiatrogenicallyscausedsbyscigarettessmoking."
b.s"Youshavesassuddensonsetsofsaschronicslungsdiseasesthatswassbroughtsonsbyslungscanc
er."
c.s"Thescoughingsupsofsbloodsis-sCs-
s"Thescoughingsupsofsbloodsisscausedsbysasworseningsofsasdiseasesyou'veshadsforsaslongsti
me,splussasnewsproblem--slungscancer."
As-snotsrightsbecausesitswassnotscausedsbysmedicalsprofessionalsorstherapy
Bs-
snotsrightsbecauses"chronic"slungsdiseaseswassnotsassuddensonset,sandsitswasn'tscausedsb
yslungscancer
Ds-snotsrightsbecausesyouswouldn'tstalkstosaspatientslikesthat;sunprofessional
, As55-year-
oldsmanswithsemphysemas(astypesofschronicslungsdisease)swhoshasssmokeds2spackssofsci
garettesspersdaysfors40syearssisshospitalizedsforsacutesonsetsofscoughsproductivesofsblood
yssputums(sputum=secretionssfromsdeepsinstheslungs).sAftersasfewsdayssofstestingsandstre
atment,sthespatient'ssnursesreadssasphysician'ssnotesonstheschart:s"Ishavestoldsthespatientst
hatsthesetiologiessofshisshemoptysissare:s1)sexacerbationsofshisschronicsemphysemasands
2)sthesnewsdiagnosissofslungscancer.sThesonsetssofsbothswerescontributedstosbyshisslongst
andingssmoking."
Basedsonsallsthesinformationsyoushavesonsthespatient,swhichsstatementsissmostslikelyscorre
ct?
a.sThespatientshassaspoorsprognosissbecausesofsthescomorbiditiessofslungscancersandsciga
rettessmoking.
b.sLungscancerswassassequelasofsthesbloodyssputum.
c.sAsprecipitatingsfactorsforsthesacuteshospitalizationswassoverexertionswhensthespatientsst
artedsansexercisesclass.
d.sHes-sDs-
sHeavyscigarettessmokingswassasrisksfactorsinsthespatient'ssdevelopingsemphysemasandslu
ngscancer.
As-snotsright,ssmokingsissnotsascomorbidity
Bs-snotsrightsbecauseslungscancerswassnotsthesresultsofsbloodyssputums(vice-versa)
Cs-snotsrightsbecausesover-
exercisesdidsnotscausesthesbloodyssputum;spatient'sscomorbititiessweresthescause
Ans80-year-
oldspatientsissinsshocksfromslosssofsbloodsfollowingsansaccident.sHissvitalssignssare:sBPs80/
50s(normals~s120/80),sHRs120s(norms=s60-
100),sRRs20s(norms=s12stos20),sTs98.6s(norms~s98.6).
Insassessingsthisspatient,sthesnursesunderstandssthatsthesabnormalsHRsis
a.sprobablysthesetiologysforsthespatient'sslowsBP.
b.sduestosthespatient'ssheartscompensatingsforslowsbloodsvolumesbyspumpingsfaster.
c.sthesnormalscompensatorysresponsesofsshuntingsbloodsvolumestosthesperiphery.
d.sduestosmultiplesrisksfactors.s-sBs-
sduestospatient'ssheartscompensatingsforslowsbloodsvolumesbyspumpingsfaster
As-
snotsrightsbecausesnusesissunablestosdrawsthatsconclusionswithsjuststhesinformationsinsthes
problem
Cs-snotsrightsbecausesbloodsissshuntedscentrally,snotsperipherallystostheslimbs.
Ds-snotsrightsbecausesitsissnotsspecificsenoughsasstosthesspecificsrisksfactors.