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BIO 669 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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BIO 669 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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BIO 669 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONSWITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the circulation of the right heart? - Answer-pulmonary circulation-blood through
lungs
what is the circulation of the left heart? - Answer-systemic circulation- blood through
body
what are the three layers in the pericardium? - Answer-epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
What is the epicardium? - Answer-outer layer of the heart
What is the myocardium? - Answer-cardiac muscle
What is the endocardium? - Answer-inner lining of the heart
what are the four chambers of the heart? - Answer-right atrium, right ventricle, left
atrium, left ventricle
What are the atrioventricular valves? - Answer-tricuspid and bicuspid valves
What valves have chordae tendinae? - Answer-tricuspid and bicuspid (Mitral valve)
what valves are open for ventricular diastole or relaxation? - Answer-the atrioventricular
valves -tricuspid and bicuspid valves
what does ventricular diastole allow? - Answer-allows blood to flow from the atria into
the ventricles
what valves are open for ventricular systole? - Answer-the semilunar valves- pulmonary
and aortic
what causes ventricular systole? - Answer-the increased pressure of the ventricles
exceeds the pressure in the atria , blood tried to go back into the atria and this closes
the atrioventricular valves to close, the closing of the atrioventricular valves increases
the pressure of the ventricle even more, exceeding the pressure of the major arteries
and forces the semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow from the ventricles to the
major arteries.
What are the semilunar valves? - Answer-pulmonary and aortic
,what valves are on the left side of the heart? - Answer-mitral valve and aortic semilunar
valve
what valves are on the right side of the heart? - Answer-Tricuspid valve and the
pulmonic semilunar valve
What are the great vessels? - Answer-Superior and inferior vena cava; Right and left
pulmonary arteries; Pulmonary veins; Aorta
what are the phases of the cardiac cycle? - Answer--diastole: ventricular filling=
pressure of atrial exceeds the pressure of the ventricle= AV opens to fill the ventricle
then close (S1) as the ventricular pressure starts to exceed the atrial.
-Systole: isovolumetric contraction=volume stays the same but contraction is
occurring=pressure is cont. to rise.
-Systole: ventricular ejection= pressure of ventricles exceeds the pressure of the aorta=
AV opens and blood is ejected out of the ventricle and throughout the body= pressure of
ventricle below the pressure of the artery= Semilunar close (S2)
-Diastole: isovolumetric relaxation= pressure drops but volume stays the same.
What are myocardial cells? - Answer-nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells
but are important for cardiac function
What is preload? - Answer-amount of venous blood returning to the right atrium=
increased pressure= the more force of fill in the ventricle
how much blood is in the ventricle at the end of relaxation (diastole)
What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart? - Answer-Basically, the more blood returned
to the heart (the more EDV), the more blood will be ejected with each beat, this is based
on the relationship of the stretch of the sarcomeres and the ability of actin and myosin to
form cross-bridges.
increase in preload= increase of ventricular filling= increase of blood pumped out.
What is afterload? - Answer-force that is needed for the ventricles to overcome the
pressure on the other side of the semilunar valves (arteries).
What is stroke volume? - Answer-the amount of blood able to be forced out.
what does myocardial contractility increase based on? - Answer-increased preload=
increased stroke volume
What do inotropic agents do? - Answer-increase contractility= increase stroke volume
(more blood out)
, What is cardiac output? - Answer-volume of blood flowing through the systemic or
pulmonary circuit in liters per minute
stroke volume and the HR
What is ejection fraction? - Answer-stroke volume (amount of blood able to be forced
out) /end diastolic volume (amount of blood able to fill ventricle)
What are coronary arteries? - Answer-left and right coronary arteries
What are the components of the right coronary artery? - Answer-conous, right marginal,
posterior descending
what are the components of the left coronary artery? - Answer-left anterior descending,
circumflex artery
what are collateral arteries? - Answer-Connections (or anastomoses) between 2
branches of the same or the opposite coronary artery.
allows for blockages to occur and still have sufficient blood flow.
can still result in angina for activities that require more blood flow
What are the coronary veins? - Answer-1. Coronary sinus=combination of the great
cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein= drains into the right atrium
2. Great cardiac vein.
3. Posterior vein of the left ventricle.
What are lymphatic vessels? - Answer-collect lymphatic fluid from the heart then
empties into the superior vena cava
what are the components of the hearts conduction system? - Answer-Sinoatrial (SA)
node
atrioventricular (AV) node
bundle of his (AV branches)
Right and Left bundle branches
purkinje fibers
What does acetylcholine do for resting membrane potential of the heart? - Answer-
slows the leakiness and the HR
what do catecholamines (Epinephrine and norepinephrine) do for resting membrane
potential of the heart? - Answer-increase leakiness and HR
Heart beat stronger and eject more blood per beat because increase in calcium in the
myocytes.
local= norepinephrine
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