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BIO 669 Quiz 1 Fall 2024 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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BIO 669 Quiz 1 Fall 2024 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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BIO 669 Quiz 1 Fall 2024 EXAMQUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
What are the two most important intracellular buffers? - Answer-phosphate/proteins
Thirst prompts fluid intake through action of ________ located in the __________. -
Answer-osmoreceptors/hypothalamus
Fluid distribution - Answer-Movement of fluids within the body
Composition of fluids - Answer-The electrolytes present in fluids
Electrolytes - Answer-Key ions that affect cell function
Extracellular ion - Answer-Ion present outside the cell
Retention of water - Answer-The effect of Na+ on overall fluid volume
Intracellular ion - Answer-Ion present inside the cell
Membrane potential - Answer-The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane
Repolarizing/hyperpolarizing - Answer-Restoring or increasing the membrane potential
Hydrogen ion - Answer-Critical for control of pH and protein structure
Buffers - Answer-Substances that help maintain pH balance
Anionic proteins - Answer-Proteins with a negative charge
Hemoglobin - Answer-Protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells
Carbonic acid - Answer-Formed from the conversion of H+ and bicarbonate
Respiratory system - Answer-Involved in control of pH in the plasma
Immune system - Answer-Comprised of innate and adaptive responses
Innate response - Answer-Immediate response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Granulocytes - Answer-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
, Monocytes/macrophages - Answer-Type of white blood cells involved in innate
response
NK cells - Answer-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Plasma proteins - Answer-Proteins involved in innate response
Inflammation - Answer-Response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Signaling molecules - Answer-Molecules involved in immune response
Adaptive response - Answer-Slower response that identifies specific targets and
develops memory
Innate immunity - Answer-First line of defense, physical and biochemical barriers
Physical barriers - Answer-Skin, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory
tracts
Sloughing off of cells - Answer-Shedding of cells as a defense mechanism
Coughing and sneezing - Answer-Expelling foreign particles through airways
Flushing - Answer-Elimination of waste through urine
Vomiting - Answer-Expelling harmful substances through the digestive system
Mucus and cilia - Answer-Protective substances and hair-like structures in respiratory
tract
Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers - Answer-Saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and
mucus with antimicrobial peptides
Normal microbiome - Answer-Unique colonization of bacteria and fungi in specific
locations
Inflammatory response - Answer-Nonspecific immune response to injury, characterized
by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
Increased vascular permeability and leakage - Answer-Expansion of blood vessels and
release of fluid and cells into tissues
Vascular responses - Answer-Blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow
Inflammation goals - Answer-Prevent infection, initiate adaptive immune response,
initiate healing, limit and control inflammation
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