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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024), Chapter 1-29 | All Chapters
Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024), Chapter 1-29 | All Chapters
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TEST BANKAnatomy of Orofacial Structures
Richard W. Brand, Donald E Isselhard, Amy N. Smith
9th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Oral Cavity 1
Chapter 02 The Tooth-Functions and Terms 14
Chapter 03 Fundamental and Preventive Curvatures 27
Chapter 04 Dentition 36
Chapter 05 Development, Form, and Eruption 44
Chapter 06 Occlusion 53
Chapter 07 Dental Anomalies 64
Chapter 08 Supporting Structures 72
Chapter 09 Clinical Considerations 83
Chapter 10 Tooth Identification 93
Chapter 11 Root Morphology 103
Chapter 12 Incisors 113
Chapter 13 Canines 122
Chapter 14 Premolars 132
Chapter 15 Molars 144
Chapter 16 Deciduous Dentition 158
Chapter 17 Basic Tissues 168
Chapter 18 Development of Orofacial Complex 178
Chapter 19 Dental Lamina and Enamel Organ 188
Chapter 20 Enamel, Dentin, and Pulp 198
Chapter 21 Root Formation and Attachment Apparatus 209
Chapter 22 Eruption and Shedding of Teeth 221
Chapter 23 Oral Mucosa 231
Chapter 24 The Tongue 240
Chapter 25 Histology of the Salivary Glands 250
Chapter 26 Osteology of the Skull 259
Chapter 27 Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses 270
Chapter 28 Muscles of Mastication, Hyoid Muscles, and Sternocleidomastoid and
Trapezius Muscles 279
Chapter 29 Temporomandibular Joint 289
Chapter 30 Muscles of Facial Expression 298
Chapter 31 Soft Palate and Pharynx 307
Chapter 32 Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage 318
Chapter 33 Salivary Glands 328
Chapter 34 Nervous System 336
Chapter 35 Lymphatics and Spread of Dental Infection 347
Chapter 36 Anatomic Considerations of Local Anesthesia 356
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
Chapter 01: Oral Cavity
Brand/Isselhard: Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A diastema is a space between two teeth in the same arch. When this occurs between the
maxillary central incisors, it is often the result of a pronounced labial frenum.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
c. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
d. Both statements are false.
ANS: A
A space, or lack of contact area, between any two teeth in the same arch is called a diastema.
When a diastema occurs between the maxillary central incisors, it is often the result of a
pronounced labial frenum extending to the crest of the alveolar ridge and possibly over the
ridge. This band of firm connective tissue causes the erupting incisors to be pushed aside
resulting in a diastema, or space. Correction of a diastema usually involves surgical removal,
or cutting, of the frenal tissue between teeth.
REF: p. 3
OBJ: To describe the boundaries and sub-boundaries of the oral cavity and the structures in each area
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity
TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
2. Torus palatinus is seen on the
a. soft palate.
b. hard palate.
c. alveolar ridge.
d. oral pharynx.
ANS: B
Torus palatinus is excess bone growth and occurs in the midline of the hard palate. It may
grow to varying sizes and is generally only a problem when the construction of a maxillary
denture is necessary. In health, such bony protuberances, or excess bone growths, do not
occur on the soft palate, alveolar ridge, or oral pharynx.
REF: p. 5
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa,
gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity, including but not limited to: 8.
muscular/skeletal system. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
3. Contraction of which muscle raises the tongue upward?
a. Mylohyoid
b. Palatopharyngeal
c. Palatoglossal
d. Levator glossal
ANS: A
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
Contraction of the mylohyoid muscle raises the tongue. The palatopharyngeal muscle and the
palatoglossal muscle form the posterolateral borders of the oral cavity. There is not a muscle
by the name of levator glossal.
REF: p. 7
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity, including but not limited to: 8.
muscular/skeletal system. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
4. The oral vestibule is partially bordered by the lips and cheeks. The oral cavity proper extends
posteriorly to the soft palate.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
c. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
d. Both statements are false.
ANS: B
The oral vestibule is the space or potential space that exists between the lips or cheeks and
teeth. In an edentulous person, the vestibule would extend between the lips or cheeks and the
alveolar ridges. The oral cavity proper is surrounded by teeth or alveolar ridges and extends
all the way back to the palatine tonsils. This includes the region from the floor of the mouth
upward to the hard and soft palates.
REF: p. 2
OBJ: To describe the boundaries and sub-boundaries of the oral cavity and the structures in each area
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity
TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
5. Each of the following is true of the uvula EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a. It is located at the most posterior portion of the hard palate.
b. It is located at the midline.
c. It is a downwardly projecting muscle.
d. It is necessary for swallowing.
ANS: D
The uvula is a downwardly projecting muscular tissue located at the midline of the most
posterior portion of the hard palate. It is NOT necessary for swallowing.
REF: p. 6
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
6. The circumvallate papillae are located on the hard palate, buccal mucosa, and floor of the
mouth. The papillae found on the tongue are the filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate, and
incisive.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
c. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
d. Both statements are false.
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
ANS: D
All papillae listed in both statements are located on the tongue with the exception of the
incisive papilla, which is located on the hard palate. Note that the incisive papilla is a singular
structure, thus the different spelling. There are no papillae located on either the buccal mucosa
or the floor of the mouth.
REF: p. 7
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
7. Each of the following structures can readily be viewed when examining the oral cavity
EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a. Fovea palatinae
b. Tonsillar pillars
c. Laryngeal pharynx
d. Sublingual fold
ANS: C
The laryngeal pharynx is located below the oral pharynx and cannot be seen while examining
the oral cavity. The fovea palatinae, the tonsillar pillars, and the sublingual fold can be seen
when examining the oral cavity. Fovea palatinae are small depressions in mucosa on either
side of the posterior nasal spine indicating the junction of the hard and soft palate. Tonsillar
pillars are folds of tissue that partially surround the tonsils. The sublingual fold extends
backward on either side of the floor of the mouth and is situated just superior to the
submandibular gland.
REF: p. 2 | pp. 6-7
OBJ: To describe the boundaries and sub-boundaries of the oral cavity and the structures in each area
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity
TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
8. Each of the following structures is located within the hard palate EXCEPT one. Which one is
the EXCEPTION?
a. Incisive papilla
b. Rugae
c. Greater palatine foramina
d. The anterior and posterior pillars
ANS: D
The anterior and posterior pillars are located posterior to the soft palate. The posterior pillar is
also called the palatopharyngeal arch or fold. The anterior pillar is also called the
palatoglossal arch or fold. The tonsils lie between the anterior and posterior pillars.
The incisive papilla and rugae are located on the anterior portion of the hard palate. The
greater palatine foramina are located in the posterior portions of the hard palate lingual to the
second and third maxillary molars.
REF: pp. 5-6
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity, including but not limited to: 8.
muscular/skeletal system. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
9. The small bony growths that commonly occur on the buccal cortical plate of the maxillae and
the mandible are called
a. torus palatinus.
b. mandibular tori.
c. exostoses.
d. maxillary tuberosity.
ANS: C
Exostoses, small bony growths that occur on the buccal cortical plate on the mandible and the
maxillae, are seen in a large portion of the population. They are normally inconsequential
unless they become tender or a denture is needed. Exostoses occur more frequently on the
mandible than on the maxillae.
Torus palatinus are excess bony growths that commonly occur in the midline of the palate.
Mandibular tori are bony swellings that frequently occur on the lingual surface of the
mandible at the canine area. The maxillary tuberosity is a rounded bony protrusion in the area
of the third molar.
REF: p. 4
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa,
gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity, including but not limited to: 8.
muscular/skeletal system. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
10. Which structure is the MOST vascular in appearance?
a. Mucogingival junction
b. Alveolar mucosa
c. Labial frenum
d. Gingiva
ANS: B
The alveolar mucosa, a thin layer of loosely attached and movable tissue, covers a highly
vascular area. The presence of blood vessels immediately under this relatively thin mucosa is
responsible for the general reddish color. By contrast, the mucogingival junction that divides
the attached gingiva from the alveolar mucosa appears more pink in color. The gingiva and
labial frenum also appear pink in color.
REF: p. 2
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa,
gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity, including but not limited to: 7.
circulatory and lymphatic systems. TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
11. Although a patient presenting with painful areas throughout the oral cavity or a child
presenting with gingival bleeding in the presence of excellent oral hygiene should be
monitored carefully, referral to a dental specialist or physician is not indicated. A patient with
a red and painful tongue does warrant such a referral as does a patient with moderate plaque
on all teeth.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
c. The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
d. Both statements are false.
ANS: D
Of the four situations presented in this two-part question, only the patient with moderate
plaque on all teeth does NOT warrant referral to a specialist. This patient should receive
appropriate oral hygiene instructions, oral debridement, and be carefully monitored with short
re-care appointments. The remaining three oral conditions described in the question describe
conditions suggestive of systemic involvement and warrant further investigation, typically
referral to a dental specialist or physician. In particular, gingival bleeding in the presence of
excellent oral hygiene is a possible early sign of leukemia.
REF: p. 8
OBJ: To differentiate normal from abnormal anatomy in the oral cavity and to ensure a follow-up
examination NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, A. Preliminary examination. 4. Diagnostic data
TOP: BLOOM: Analyzing
12. Which structure is most closely located to the lingual frenum?
a. Sublingual caruncle
b. Sublingual salivary gland
c. Sublingual fold
d. Lingual tonsils
e. All of the above
ANS: A
The sublingual caruncle, a small elevation on each side of the base of the lingual frenum, is
the opening for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Of the structures provided
in the question, it is located most closely to the lingual frenum. The sublingual fold extends
posteriorly from the sublingual caruncle. The lingual tonsils are located at the base of the
tongue.
REF: p. 7
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
13. The term for misplaced sebaceous glands occurring in the oral cavity is rugae. These
harmless, yellowish granular structures occur in about 60% to 80% of the population.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
c. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
d. Both statements are false.
ANS: C
Fordyce granules are misplaced sebaceous glands found in the oral cavity. These glands are
normally associated with hair follicles, which are normally located in the skin. The most
common locations for Fordyce granules are the lips, cheeks, and retromolar pads. Rugae are
hard transverse ridges of epithelial and connective tissue located in the anterior portion of the
hard palate.
REF: p. 5
OBJ: To differentiate normal from abnormal anatomy in the oral cavity and to ensure a follow-up
examination NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity
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5|Page
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
14. Of the following structures, which is the MOST susceptible to trauma?
a. Hard palate
b. Buccal mucosa
c. Floor of the mouth
d. Dorsal surface of the tongue
e. Attached gingiva
ANS: C
Although any oral tissue may be traumatized, the tissue in the floor of the mouth is one of the
thinnest and thus very conducive to trauma. The hard palate and the attached gingiva have a
more protective, fibrous nature. The dorsal (top) tongue and the buccal mucosa also have
more protective features than does the mucosal lining on the floor of the mouth. Not listed as
a selection, the ventral (lower) surface of the tongue is quite vulnerable to trauma.
REF: p. 7
OBJ: To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures
that form them
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
15. A generally healthy man in his forties is curious about “little raised yellow spots” on his
buccal mucosa. He has noticed them in the past but they do not seem to cause problems or
become larger, so has not previously asked about them. These areas are MOST likely
a. vallate papillae.
b. Kaposi’s spots.
c. Fordyce granules.
d. measles.
ANS: C
Fordyce granules are ectopic, or misplaced, sebaceous glands that occur on oral mucosal
surfaces. They appear as small raised yellowish or whitish spots. Although alarming to
patients, these formations are harmless. Vallate papillae, also called circumvallate papillae,
are the large V-shaped row of taste buds located on the posterior dorsum of the tongue.
Kaposi’s spots, associated with immunodeficiency, are red and painful. Measles can appear
anywhere on the body, including the oral cavity, and are red in color.
REF: p. 4
OBJ: To differentiate normal from abnormal anatomy in the oral cavity and to ensure a follow-up
examination NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity
TOP: BLOOM: Understanding
16. Fordyce granules normally function as
a. taste buds.
b. a characteristic of a malignancy.
c. sebaceous glands.
d. an infectious viral illness.
ANS: C
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
Fordyce granules are misplaced sebaceous glands that appear as very small yellowish granular
structures on oral mucosal surfaces in the oral cavity of 60% to 80% of the population.
Sebaceous glands normally occur in the skin; when they are present in the oral cavity they are
considered misplaced, or ectopic. Although Fordyce granules may be alarming to patients,
they are harmless. They most commonly occur in the mucosa of the lips, cheeks, retromolar
pads, and gingival tissues.
REF: p. 4
OBJ: To differentiate normal from abnormal anatomy in the oral cavity and to ensure a follow-up
examination NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity
TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
17. In the following illustration, structure “a” is the
a. mucobuccal fold.
b. maxillary labial frenum.
c. mandibular labial frenum.
d. mucogingival junction.
ANS: B
At the midline of the upper lip, a fold of connective tissue known as the maxillary labial
frenum can be found. A corresponding structure, the mandibular labial frenum, is present at
the midline of the lower lip. The upper frenum is usually more pronounced than the lower.
Both structures, as well as additional less well-defined frena, serve to attach the lips to the
arch and contain only connective tissue. Structure “b” is the mandibular labial frenum.
Structure “c” is the mucogingival junction. Structure “d” is the mucobuccal fold.
REF: pp. 3-4
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa,
gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
18. In the following illustration, structure “b” is the
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Test Bank - Anatomy of Orofacial Structures, 9th Edition (Brand, 2024)
a. mucobuccal fold.
b. mucogingival junction.
c. maxillary labial frenum.
d. mandibular labial frenum.
ANS: D
At the midline of the lower lip, a fold of connective tissue known as the mandibular labial
frenum can be found. A mandibular frenal attachment that extends too close to the gingiva
may contribute to gingival recession. A corresponding structure, the maxillary labial frenum,
is present at the midline of the upper lip. Both structures, as well as additional less
well-defined frena, serve to attach the lips to the arch and contain only connective tissue.
Structure “a” is the maxillary labial frenum. Structure “c” is the mucogingival junction.
Structure “d” is the mucobuccal fold.
REF: pp. 3-4
OBJ: To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa,
gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis
NAT: CDA: GC I. Evaluation, B. Head, neck and oral cavity TOP: BLOOM: Remembering
19. In the following illustration, structure “c” is the
a. mucogingival junction.
b. mandibular labial frenum.
c. maxillary labial frenum.
d. mucobuccal fold.
ANS: A
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