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NURS 611 Pharm: Questions With Complete Solutions
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NURS 611 Pharm: Questions With Complete Solutions
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NURS 611 Pharm: Questions With Complete SolutionsPharmacokinetics Right Ans - The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacogenomics Right Ans - The study of the influence of genetic factors
on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency
of drug-metabolizing enzymes
Steps of Drug Approval Process Right Ans - Pre-clinical trials --> IND -->
phase I --> phase II --> phase III --> NDA --> drug approved and goes to
market --> phase IV
ANA Code of Ethics Right Ans - A guide for carrying out nursing
responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the
ethical obligations of the profession.
Drug clinical trial phases Right Ans -
Bioavailability Right Ans - proportion of drug that successfully systemically
absorbed
first pass effect Right Ans - the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug
absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation
through the bloodstream (can be upwards of 90%)
Cytochrome P450 Right Ans - The general name for a large class of
enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions.
Can be affected by drugs that inhibit or induce. If a drug inhibits this enzyme,
then the drug might not be well metabolized which could lead to drug toxicity.
If a drug induces this enzyme, the patient may not receive a therapeutic effect
from the drug.
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Right Ans -
Pharmacodynamics Right Ans - The relationship between the
concentration of a drug in the systemic circulation and the response obtained.
,Antioxidants Right Ans - chemicals that are capable of slowing or
preventing oxidation. Include vitamins A, C, and E.
Fat soluble vitamins Right Ans - stored in body fat as well as the liver and
other organs. Pose greater risk for toxicity. Include vitamins A (retinols), D
(promotes calcium absorption in the gut and normal bone mineralization), E
(dietary sources are nuts, seeds, and plant oils; green leafy vegetables and
fortified cereals as well. CAN COUNTERACT VIT K), and K (Coumadin blocks
the enzyme that converts vit k to active form in liver)
water soluble vitamins Right Ans - not stored in considerable amounts in
the body and are excreted by urine. Vitamins B and C.
Minerals Right Ans - inorganic compounds that support many cellular
processes, act as electrolytes or have a structural function.
1. Calcium - most abundant mineral in the body. 99% of calcium is found in
the bones and teeth. Enhanced by vit D.
2. Iodine - required for synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4). A deficiency causes hypothyroidism.
3. Iron - plays a key role in the synthesis of many enzymes and proteins and is
involved in regulations of cell growth and cell differentiation. Dietary iron is
found in 2 forms: heme iron (more easily absorbed) and nonheme iron- heme
iron found exclusively in animal products; non-heme is found in legumes,
green leafy vegetables, strawberries, and some whole-grains. Those at risk for
iron deficiency anemia should consume vit C at same time as iron.
4. Magnesium - major mineral and cofactor involved in more than 300 enzyme
systems, regulating functions as diverse as protein synthesis, muscle and
nerve action, blood glucose control and blood pressure.
5. Potassium - electrolyte that helps maintain kidney function and involved in
contractions of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells. Helps lower blood
pressure.
6. Selenium - essential trace mineral is involved in reproduction, thyroid
hormone metabolism and DNA synthesis, has antioxidant properties.
7. Zinc - trace mineral involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions in body,
playing roles in immune function, protein and DNA synthesis, wound healing,
cell division and normal growth/development t/o lifespan.
iron deficiency anemia Right Ans - most common micronutrient deficiency
worldwide. Drug-iron interactions affect drug absorption; antacids, H2
, receptor antagonists and PPIs have all been shown to decrease iron
absorption. Tetracycline and fluoroquinolone absorption inhibited if
administered at same time as iron, must be taken 2 hours before or after iron.
Vaccines Right Ans - substances or agents that are administered to
deliberately provoke an immune response that is similar to the body's
immune response to natural infection.
immunization Right Ans - denotes the body's process that results in active
immunity.
Live attenuated vaccines Right Ans - derived from live viruses or bacteria
that have been weakened in a lab. In most instances, full immunity is achieved
following single dose, though some require 2nd dose (MMR and varicella).
Avoid in pregnancy, immunosuppressed, very young children. Severe or fatal
reactions only occur in people with compromised immune systems. Ex: herpes
zoster, influenza nasal spray, MMR, rotavirus, varicella.
Inactivated Vaccines Right Ans - not alive and therefore, do not replicate in
the human body. These are produced by growing a virus or bacterium in
culture media and then inactivating the organism with chemicals or heat. First
dose simply primes the immune system, subsequent doses are always
required to achieve full immunity. Can be given during pregnancy.
Ex: hep A, polio
Toxoid vaccines Right Ans - derived from inactivated toxins from bacteria
and stimulate an immune response against toxoid-producing bacteria. Ex:
diptheria, tetanus (DTaP or TDaP)
subunit vaccines Right Ans - include only antigen or several antigens from
the microbe that best stimulate an immune reaction. ex: influenza IM,
pertussis
recombinant vaccines Right Ans - The microbe genes are inserted into
baker's yeast or another carrier nonpathogenic organism, which produces the
desired antigen as it grows. The antigen is harvested from the yeast and used
to produce vaccine.
Ex: hep B, HPV
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