NR 503 QUESTIONS AND WELL ELABORATED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
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Course
NR 503
Institution
NR 503
NR 503 QUESTIONS AND WELL
ELABORATED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Analytic epidemiology is best described as: - ANSWER Studies that investigate origins
and casuals' factors of health-related events
You are part of a research group investigating association between exposure and
diseas...
NR 503 QUESTIONS AND WELL
ELABORATED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Analytic epidemiology is best described as: - ANSWER Studies that investigate origins
and casuals' factors of health-related events
You are part of a research group investigating association between exposure and
disease. Which study design is a best fit for this type of study: - ANSWER Case-Control
Study
The provider is concerned about what appears to be an increase in the mortality rate
for their community. Mortality is an example of which of the following: - ANSWER Vital
statistic
An example of a tertiary prevention measure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
is: - ANSWER Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Which of the following statements best describe efficacy? - ANSWER It is an estimate
of the benefit of treatment under ideal conditions
It is an estimate of the reduction of disease in treated groups
A study is conducted for a pharmaceutical agent that has shown promise for reducing
heart disease among women. In order to more fully test the agent, an additional study is
done restricting the participants to be randomized to those who have a history of
hypertension. Which of the following advantages cannot be claimed by the researchers?
- ANSWER The generalizability of the study is increased
What is the main advantage of the randomization of the 168 study participants to one of
the two drug treatment groups? - ANSWER Reduces selection bias
After entry into the study, patients were first classified into three groups, those who had
a previous AMI, those with a first AMI who were at high risk for other cardiovascular
diseases such as congestive heart failure, and those with a first AMI who were at low
risk for other cardiovascular diseases. Which term best describes the study design? -
ANSWER Randomized clinical trial with stratified randomization
After assignment to treatment group, 77% of those in the placebo group were men,
while 80% of those in the drug X group were men. Which statement is most likely to be
true? - ANSWER Randomization was successful since the investigators did not alter the
selection of participants in either group in order to ensure equal percentages of men
, A preliminary analysis was conducted after 6 months and found that 87% of
participants in the placebo group and 85% of those in the drug X group had taken more
than 90% of their prescribed dosages. Which statement best describes this finding? -
ANSWER The characteristics of patients who failed to comply with the treatment
dosages should be assessed as they may differ from those who complied
Which of the following statements best describes the reason for conducting the study
as a double-blind trial? - ANSWER Double blinding ensures that potential biases
regarding selection, follow-up, and analysis can be reduced
The following data come from a study of approaches to smoking cessation. Smokers
who want to quit were randomized to one of four groups: control ..... brochures and a
monthly phone call from a counselor. Participants received mailed surveys at 8, 16, and
24 months after randomization. The results after 2 years are in the table below. Which
group had the least success in terms of quitting smoking? - ANSWER Group QS
The following data come from a study of approaches to smoking cessation. Smokers
who want to quit were randomized to one of four groups: control group C who received
no intervention assistance, quitting guide group Q who received brochures about how to
quit smoking, quitting guide and support group QS who received quitting brochures as
well as social support brochures listing benefits of smoking cessation, and telephone
support group T who received the brochures and a monthly phone call from a
counselor. Participants received mailed surveys at 8, 16, and 24 months after
randomization. The results after 2 years are in the table below. What is the main
purpose of randomization in this study? - ANSWER To avoid assigning more persons
who have tried and failed to quit in the past to the control group
Test A has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 90%. Test B has a sensitivity of 80%
and a specificity of 98%. In a community of 10,000 people with 5% prevalence of the
disease, Test A has always been given before Test B. What is the best reason for
changing the order of the tests? - ANSWER The total number of false positives found by
both tests is decreased if Test B is given first
This table represents the results of coronary magnetic resonance (CMR) angiography
compared to x-ray angiography (the gold standard in diagnosis of coronary artery
disease) in a high-risk population of patients scheduled to undergo x-ray angiography
for suspected coronary artery disease.After reviewing the results of the test comparison,
an epidemiologist decides that the specificity of the test is too low. Using the same CMR
images, he raises the cutoff value for a positive test to increase the specificity. What is
the likely effect on the sensitivity? - ANSWER Sensitivity will decrease
In comparing the mammography readings of two technicians who evaluated the same
set of 600 mammograms for presence of breast cancer from a generally representative
sample of women from the population - ANSWER Overall percent agreement calculated
for both readers may conceal significant disagreements regarding positive tests
, A researcher is interested in the etiology of cervical cancer among women between 18
and 35 years of age. Her hypothesis concerns the influence of sexually transmitted
diseases such as human papilloma virus (HPV) and subsequent development of
cancer. What is the best study approach to address this hypothesis? - ANSWER Case-
control study of women 18 to 35 years of age identified with cervical cancer in the
hospital (cases) compared to women admitted for other diseases (control)
Suppose that one third of all cervical cancer cases were smokers as were one third of
all controls and smoking status is independent of HPV infection. Is smoking a potential
confounder in this study? - ANSWER No, the chance of being a smoker among women
with cervical cancer is the same as that of being a smoker among women without
cervical cancer
A case-control study was conducted to determine if an association exists between
workers in uranium mines and loss of fertility due to reduced sperm count. A group of
200 men with low sperm count were identified from clinics located in areas with uranium
mines. Each selected case was matched with a randomly selected male control on the
following factors: race, age, area of residence, and smoking status. What is the purpose
of matching? - ANSWER Previous studies have shown that there are racial differences
in low sperm count
In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the
year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB)
in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained
constant throughout the year. Not all 135,000 cases of TB were contracted during 2005.
Which of the following statements is true? - ANSWER Since the duration of TB can be
longer than 1 year, neither disease incidence nor prevalence can be validly estimated
by mortality indicators.
Which of the following statements pertains to relative survival? - ANSWER Relative
survival is close to observed survival rate when there are few competing causes of
death. This occurs primarily in younger age groups who are less likely to experience
mortality events compared to older age groups.
Before reporting the results of this survival analysis, the investigators compared
baseline characteristics of the 38 people who withdrew from the study before its end to
those who had complete follow-up. This was done for which of the following reasons: -
ANSWER To check whether those who remained in the study represent the total study
population
Which of the following is a key assumption involved in the use of life-table analysis? -
ANSWER Life-table analysis depends upon a consistent rate of survival during all
periods of the study. Changes in the rate of survival may be due to external influences
that are operating at later times on only a portion of the initial population. Since those
who have died earlier in the study period will not experience these external influences,
the comparison between periods is rendered invalid.
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